Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Number of NTP molecules used in the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Gluconeogenesis is the process of conversion of lactic acid back into glucose. This process uses energy in the form of 6 NTP molecules, hence, it is endogenic in nature. This process is responsible for increasing the blood glucose level when glucose levels fall down in blood.
(b)
Interpretation:
Number of NTP molecules used in conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glucose is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Gluconeogenesis is the process of conversion of lactic acid back into glucose. This process uses energy in the form of 6 NTP molecules, hence, it is endogenic in nature. This process is responsible for increasing the blood glucose level when glucose levels fall down in blood.
(c)
Interpretation:
Number of NTP molecules used in the conversion of two molecules of oxaloacetate to glucose is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Gluconeogenesis is the process of conversion of lactic acid back into glucose. This process uses energy in the form of 6 NTP molecules, hence, it is endogenic in nature. This process is responsible for increasing the blood glucose level when glucose levels fall down in blood.
(d)
Interpretation:
Number of NTP molecules used in the conversion of two molecules of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glucose is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Gluconeogenesis is the process of conversion of lactic acid back into glucose. This process uses energy in the form of 6 NTP molecules, hence, it is endogenic in nature. This process is responsible for increasing the blood glucose level when glucose levels fall down in blood.

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Chapter 16 Solutions
BIOCHEM-ACHIEVE(FIRST DAY DISCOUNTED)
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- Pyruvate is accepted into the TCA cycle by a “feeder” reaction using the pyruvatedehydrogenase complex, resulting in acetyl-CoA and CO2. Provide a full mechanismfor this reaction utilizing the TPP cofactor. Include the roles of all cofactors.arrow_forwardB- Vitamins are converted readily into important metabolic cofactors. Deficiency inany one of them has serious side effects. a. The disease beriberi results from a vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) deficiency and ischaracterized by cardiac and neurological symptoms. One key diagnostic forthis disease is an increased level of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate in thebloodstream. How does this vitamin deficiency lead to increased serumlevels of these factors? b. What would you expect the effect on the TCA intermediates for a patientsuffering from vitamin B 5 deficiency? c. What would you expect the effect on the TCA intermediates for a patientsuffering from vitamin B 2 /B 3 deficiency?arrow_forwardDraw the Krebs Cycle and show the entry points for the amino acids Alanine,Glutamic Acid, Asparagine, and Valine into the Krebs Cycle - (Draw the Mechanism). How many rounds of Krebs will be required to waste all Carbons of Glutamic Acidas CO2?arrow_forward
- Sodium fluoroacetate (FCH 2CO2Na) is a very toxic molecule that is used as rodentpoison. It is converted enzymatically to fluoroacetyl-CoA and is utilized by citratesynthase to generate (2R,3S)-fluorocitrate. The release of this product is a potentinhibitor of the next enzyme in the TCA cycle. Show the mechanism for theproduction of fluorocitrate and explain how this molecule acts as a competitiveinhibitor. Predict the effect on the concentrations of TCA intermediates.arrow_forwardIndicate for the reactions below which type of enzyme and cofactor(s) (if any) wouldbe required to catalyze each reaction shown. 1) Fru-6-P + Ery-4-P <--> GAP + Sed-7-P2) Fru-6-P + Pi <--> Fru-1,6-BP + H2O3) GTP + ADP <--> GDP + ATP4) Sed-7-P + GAP <--> Rib-5-P + Xyl-5-P5) Oxaloacetate + GTP ---> PEP + GDP + CO 26) DHAP + Ery-4-P <--> Sed-1,7-BP + H 2O7) Pyruvate + ATP + HCO3- ---> Oxaloacetate + ADP + Piarrow_forwardTPP is also utilized in transketolase reactions in the PPP. Give a mechanism for theTPP-dependent reaction between Xylulose-5-phosphate and Ribose-5-Phosphate toyield Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate.arrow_forward
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