EBK FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL, ORGANIC, A
8th Edition
ISBN: 8220102895805
Author: Peterson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 16.32AP
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Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a protein folding enzyme that catalyzes disulfide-sulfhydryl exchange reactions.
Ribonuclease is an enzyme with two ẞ-sheets, three α-helices, and four disulfide bridges critical to the stability of its structure.
PDI rapidly converts inactive, scrambled ribonuclease to enzymatically active ribonuclease. This process is driven by the
decrease in free energy as the scrambled conformations are converted into the stable, active conformation of the enzyme. In
contrast, PDI rapidly inactivates insulin.
What does PDI's effect on insulin imply about the structure of insulin?
The three-dimensional shape of insulin does not contain any disulfide bonds.
The active conformation of insulin has more ẞ-sheets than α-helices.
The active conformation of insulin is not the most thermodynamically preferred form.
The amino acid sequence of insulin is similar to the amino acid sequence of ribonuclease.
In the 1950s, Christian Anfinsen demonstrated the renaturation of the protein ribonuclease (RNase) in vitro.
After reduction and the addition of urea, the protein was in an unfolded state. After removing the urea and then the reducing
agent, the protein oxidized and refolded, with greater than 90% activity. If reducing agent removal occurs before removing the
urea, the protein showed less than 5% activity.
Why does RNase refold incorrectly if the reducing agent is removed before urea removal?
Contaminants in the RNase preparation would form covalent bonds with the protein, preventing reactivation.
Urea would participate in weak bonding interactions with RNase, preventing oxidation of cysteine.
Disulfide bonds are not positioned correctly unless weak bonding interactions are present.
The protein would not fully denature.
A hospital blood processing unit uses apheresis to concentrate red blood cells (RBCs) fromwhole blood donations. Whole blood is drawn from a donor at a rate of 100 g/min and passedthrough a centrifuge-based apheresis system. The whole blood contains 45% RBC and 1%WBCs and platelets by mass, with the remainder consisting of plasma. The separated plasma andnon-RBC components are returned to the donor at a rate of 90 g/min.The goal of the system is to collect a concentrated RBC fraction containing 80% red blood cells.Assume that red blood cells do not break down during processing and that no fluid loss occurs inthe system.(a) How long will it take to collect 100g of the concentrated RBC fraction?
Chapter 16 Solutions
EBK FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL, ORGANIC, A
Ch. 16.2 - Identify the following compounds as primary,...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 16.2PCh. 16.2 - Prob. 16.3PCh. 16.2 - Prob. 16.4PCh. 16.2 - Prob. 16.5KCPCh. 16.2 - Prob. 16.6KCPCh. 16.3 - Arrange the following compounds in order of...Ch. 16.3 - Draw the structures of (a) ethylamine and (b)...Ch. 16.4 - Provide compounds that fit the following...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 16.10P
Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 16.11PCh. 16.5 - Write an equation for the acid-base equilibrium...Ch. 16.5 - Prob. 16.13PCh. 16.5 - Prob. 16.14PCh. 16.5 - Prob. 16.15PCh. 16.5 - Prob. 16.16PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 16.17PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 16.18PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 16.19PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 16.20PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 16.21PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 16.22PCh. 16.7 - Prob. 16.1CIAPCh. 16.7 - Prob. 16.2CIAPCh. 16.7 - Prob. 16.3CIAPCh. 16 - (a) For the compound above, identify each nitrogen...Ch. 16 - The structure of the amino acid lysine (in its...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.25UKCCh. 16 - Prob. 16.26UKCCh. 16 - Prob. 16.27UKCCh. 16 - Complete the following equations: (a) (b)...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.29APCh. 16 - Draw the structures corresponding to the following...Ch. 16 - Name the following amines, and classify them as...Ch. 16 - Name the following amines, and identify them as...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.33APCh. 16 - Which is a stronger base, diethyl ether or...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.35APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.36APCh. 16 - The compound lidocaine is used medically as a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.38APCh. 16 - Draw the structures of the ammonium ions formed...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.40APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.41APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.42APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.43APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.44APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.45CPCh. 16 - Prob. 16.46CPCh. 16 - Prob. 16.47CPCh. 16 - Prob. 16.48CPCh. 16 - How do amines differ from analogous alcohols in...Ch. 16 - Name at least two undesirable characteristics are...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.52CPCh. 16 - Complete the following equations (Hint: Answers...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.54CPCh. 16 - Prob. 16.55CPCh. 16 - Why is cyclohexylamine not considered to be a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.57CPCh. 16 - Prob. 16.58GPCh. 16 - 1-Propylamine, 1-propanol, acetic acid, and butane...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.60GPCh. 16 - Lemon juice, which contains citric acid, is...
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