Chapter 16, Problem 16.106QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

By using Le Chatelier’s principle, the effect of the given changes on the extent of hydrolysis of sodium nitrite solution has to be explained.

Concept Information:

Chemical Equilibrium: When the forward rate of reaction equals the reverse rate and the concentration of all the species in the system are constant.

The equilibrium, the reactant are forming products at the same rate at which the products are being converted back to reactant, therefore concentration of species are constant.

Le Châtelier’s principle: When system is in equilibrium and stress is added to the system, the system will shift in order to alleviate itself of the stress in order to return to equilibrium.

A change/stress is then made to system at equilibrium.

1. 1. Change in concentration, 2. Change in volume, 3. Change in pressure, 4. Change in temperature and 5. Add Catalyst. 

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

By using Le Chatelier’s principle, the effect of the given changes has to be explained.

Concept Information:

Chemical Equilibrium: When the forward rate of reaction equals the reverse rate and the concentration of all the species in the system are constant.

The equilibrium, the reactant are forming products at the same rate at which the products are being converted back to reactant, therefore concentration of species are constant.

Le Châtelier’s principle: When system is in equilibrium and stress is added to the system, the system will shift in order to alleviate itself of the stress in order to return to equilibrium.

A change/stress is then made to system at equilibrium.

1. 1. Change in concentration, 2. Change in volume, 3. Change in pressure, 4. Change in temperature and 5. Add Catalyst. 

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

By using Le Chatelier’s principle, the effect of the given changes has to be explained.

Concept Information:

Chemical Equilibrium:

When the forward rate of reaction equals the reverse rate and the concentration of all the species in the system are constant.

The equilibrium, the reactant are forming products at the same rate at which the products are being converted back to reactant, therefore concentration of species are constant.

Le Châtelier’s principle:

When system is in equilibrium and stress is added to the system, the system will shift in order to alleviate itself of the stress in order to return to equilibrium.

A change/stress is then made to system at equilibrium.

1. 1. Change in concentration, 2. Change in volume, 3. Change in pressure, 4. Change in temperature and 5. Add Catalyst. 

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

By using Le Chatelier’s principle, the effect of the given changes has to be explained.

Concept Information:

Chemical Equilibrium:

When the forward rate of reaction equals the reverse rate and the concentration of all the species in the system are constant.

The equilibrium, the reactant are forming products at the same rate at which the products are being converted back to reactant, therefore concentration of species are constant.

Le Châtelier’s principle:

When system is in equilibrium and stress is added to the system, the system will shift in order to alleviate itself of the stress in order to return to equilibrium.

A change/stress is then made to system at equilibrium.

1. 1. Change in concentration, 2. Change in volume, 3. Change in pressure, 4. Change in temperature and 5. Add Catalyst.