Concept explainers
When compound C, which is often used to model a more frequently occurring unit in lignins, was ozonized, product D was obtained. In a variety of ways it has been established that the stereochemistry of the three-carbon side chain of such lignin units remains largely if not completely unchanged during oxidations like this.
For GC/MS, D was converted to its tetrakis(O-trimethylsilyl) derivative, which had
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 15 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
Living By Chemistry: First Edition Textbook
General Chemistry: Atoms First
Chemistry: The Central Science (13th Edition)
Introductory Chemistry (6th Edition)
Chemistry For Changing Times (14th Edition)
- -Ocimene is a pleasant-smelling hydrocarbon found in the leaves of certain herbs. It has the molecular formula C10H16 and a UV absorption maximum at 232 nm. On hydrogenation with a palladium catalyst, 2,6-dimethyloctane is obtained. Ozonolysis of -ocimene, followed by treatment with zinc and acetic acid, produces the following four fragments: (a) How many double bonds does -ocimene have? (b) Is -ocimene conjugated or nonconjugated? (c) Propose a structure for -ocimene. (d) Write the reactions, showing starting material and products.arrow_forwardThe base-promoted rearrangement of an -haloketone to a carboxylic acid, known as the Favorskii rearrangement, is illustrated by the conversion of 2-chlorocyclohexanone to cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. It is proposed that NaOH first converts the a-haloketone to the substituted cyclopropanone shown in brackets and then to the sodium salt of cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. (a) Propose a mechanism for base-promoted conversion of 2-chlorocyclohexanone to the proposed intermediate. (b) Propose a mechanism for base-promoted conversion of the proposed intermediate to sodium cyclopentanecarboxylate.arrow_forwardThe p-toluenesulfonate derived from (R)-2-octanol and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride was allowed to react with sodium benzenethiolate (C6H5SNa). Give the structure, including stereochemistry and the appropriate R or S descriptor, of the product.arrow_forward
- It was proposed that the reaction of chlorobenzene with potassium amide (RNH₂) to give aniline proceeds via a highly reactive benzyne intermediate, as shown below. Chlorobenzene labelled with 14C at the carbon bearing the chlorine (red asterisk) was used in this reaction. Bearing in mind the symmetry of the intermediates, predict where the 14C label would appear in the product if this mechanism is correct. CI α=06-06-0²-0 Benzyne Chlorobenzene NH₂ NH₂ NH₂ NH₂ Aniline Only at the carbon bearing the nitrogen. Only at the carbon ortho to the nitrogen. At the carbon bearing the nitrogen and the ortho carbons (roughly 50:50). Distributed over all six carbons.arrow_forward4.35 Formulate the reaction of cyclohexene with (i) Br2 and (ii) meta-chloro- peroxybenzoic acid followed by H30+. Show the reaction intermediates and the final products with correct cis or trans stereochemistry. 4.36 What products would you expect to obtain from reaction of cyclohexa- 1,3-diene with each of the following? (a) 1 mol Br2 in CH2C12 (c) 1 mol DCl (D = deuterium, ²H) (b) 1 mol HCl (d) 2 mol H2 over a Pd catalyst 4.37 Predict the products of the following reactions on hex-1-yne: (a) 1 equiv HBr ? (b) 1 equiv Cl2 ? (c) H2, Lindlar catalystarrow_forwardGamma(y)-amino butyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter (a chemical that is used to send signals from one neuron to another) of the mammalian central nervous system. In order to understand how GABA works, conformationally restricted analogues, such as compound 1, have been made. During a synthesis of compound 1, compound 2 was subjected to allylic bromination using NBS and a radical initiator (AIBN) instead of light (Aust. J. Chem. 1981, 34, 2231-2236). H₂N. CH3 GABA CO₂H CH3 dddd CH3 H₂N Modify the structures given below to draw all eight possible allylic bromides that can be formed when compound 2 undergoes allylic bromination, considering all possible regiochemical and stereochemical outcomes. You can use the single bond tool to add/remove pi bonds. CH3 CO₂H CH3 solddd CH3 CH3 2 CH₂ CO₂Etarrow_forward
- Substituents on a benzene ring may exert a positive or negative Inductive effect or resonance effect on the ring. Using molecules A, B, C and D , Identify the effect of each substituent. Identify a molecule which undergoes heterolytic cleavage during chlorination. Explainarrow_forwardConsider all of the following data and answer parts (A) through (C): When ketone A is treated with an equivalent of CH3MgI in Et₂0 followed by acid (H30+) workup, two constitutional isomers B and C (C5H100) are isolated. The minor isomer B is a ketone. Isomer C decolorizes solutions of Br₂ and permagnate (i.e. it's an alkene - Chem210). When treated with HCl(aq), C gives two constitutional isomers D and E (C5H9Cl) - Chem210. Chloride D, the major product gives 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene when treated with potassium t-butoxide - Chem210. Compound B also is identical to the product obtained from the oxymercuration of 1-pentyne. (A) Identify compounds A through E by structure. (B) Classify both the AB and A → C. (C) Write mechanisms for the AC and C D + E reactions.arrow_forwardCompound A, C11H16O, was found to be an optically active alcohol. Despite its apparent unsaturation, no hydrogen was absorbed on catalytic reduction over a Pd/C catalyst. On treatment of A with dilute H2SO4, dehydration occurred and an optically inactive alkene B, C11H14 was produced as the major product. Alkene B, on ozonolysis, gave two products. Product C, C7H6O, was shown to be an aldehyde while product D, C4H8O, was shown to be a ketone. Draw the structure of compound C. You do not have to consider stereochemistry. You do not have to explicitly draw H atoms. In cases where there is more than one answer, just draw one. HELP PLEASE I DONT UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSarrow_forward
- we know that ethers, such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, are quite resistant to the action of dilute acids and require hot concentrated HI or HBr for cleavage. However, acetals in which two ether groups are linked to the same carbon undergo hydrolysis readily, even in dilute aqueous acid. How do you account for this marked difference in chemical reactivity toward dilute aqueous acid between ethers and acetals?arrow_forward1) In the following reactions, give the nature and possibly the stereochemistry of A1, A2 and B and justify the proportions obtained. 4 1=3 |=1 CI ull OH KOtBu 3 DMSO H₂SO4 majority A1 A1 + 2)When the first compound is treated with MeONa in methanol, compounds A1 and B are also obtained, as well as a higher molecular weight compound C, which has a higher molecular weight. B are also obtained as well as a higher molecular weight compound C whose 1H NMR spectrum is given below. Justify the formation of C. 2 PPM equimolar mixture + isomere of A1 1=3 mobilie B A2 1=3 1=3 1 1=3 Oarrow_forwardWhen butane reacts with Br₂ in the presence of Cl₂, both brominated and chlorinated products are obtained. Under such conditions, the usual selectivity of bromination is not observed. In other words, the ratio of 2-bromobutane to 1-bromobutane is very similar to the ratio of 2-chlorobutane to 1-chlorobutane. Can you offer and explanation as to why we do not observe the normal selectivity expected for bromination? Chlorine radicals perform the first propagation step (hydrogen abstraction) comparison to bromine radicals. Under these conditions in radicals form easily in the presence of chlorine radicals. Subsequently, the resulting radicals can react with bromine in a second propagation step to yield monobrominated products.arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning