Chapter 15, Problem 15.50QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chemical equation for the ionization of malic acid has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

In Bronsted–Lowry theory, acid is defined as a substance that donates a proton. In a solution it breaks to give ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions. A solution can be water or made of any other substances. All Bronsted–Lowry acids cannot be Arrhenius acids.

The Bronsted–Lowry reaction that shows ionization of weak acid is as follows:

    $\text{HA}\left(\text{aq}\right)+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\left(\text{l}\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{+}\left(\text{aq}\right)+{\text{A}}^{-}\left(\text{aq}\right)$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chemical equation for the ionization of maleic acid has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The chemical equation for the ionization of malonic acid has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)