Chapter 15, Problem 15.31QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the following reaction has to be identified. Also, the acid and its conjugate base and the base and its conjugate acid for the following reaction have to be determined.

    ${\text{HClO}}_4+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\to$

Concept Introduction:

In Bronsted–Lowry theory, acid is defined as a substance that donates a proton. In a solution, it dissociates to give ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions. A solution can be water or made of any other substances. For example, $\text{HCl}$. All Bronsted–Lowry acids cannot be Arrhenius acids.

Base is defined as a substance that accepts a proton. In a solution, it dissociates to give ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions. A solution can be water or made of any other substances.

Brønsted–Lowry acid transfer a proton and form base as the other compound can accept a proton. This is called conjugate acid-base pair. In pair of conjugate acid and base, the acid form is protonated and the base form lost the proton.

Every base has a conjugate acid. They are related by loss or gain of proton. The expression for base and conjugate acid is as follows:

  $\text{Base}+\text{Proton}\rightleftharpoons \text{Conjugate acid}$

Every acid has a conjugate base. They are related by loss or gain of proton. The expression for conjugate base and acid is as follows:

  $\text{Acid}\rightleftharpoons \text{Proton}+\text{Conjugate base}$

The reaction mechanism in which proton is donated by a compound and accepted by the other compound is called a proton transfer reaction. It involves the transfer of protons between two species in chemical reaction.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the following reaction has to be identified. Also, the acid and it's conjugate base and the base and its conjugate acid for the following reaction have to be determined.

    ${\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}{}^{+}+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\to$

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the following reaction has to be identified. Also, the acid and it's conjugate base and the base and its conjugate acid for the following reaction have to be determined.

    ${\text{HCO}}_3{}^{-}+{\text{OH}}^{-}\to$

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)