Chapter 15, Problem 15.28EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether glutamate is a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species or not.

Concept introduction: A species containing 4 carbon atoms is said to be a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species.

For example, succinic acid contains 4 carbon atoms and thus it is said to be a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species as shown below:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether oxaloacetate is a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species or not.

Concept introduction: A species containing 4 carbon atoms is said to be a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species.

For example, succinic acid contains 4 carbon atoms and thus it is said to be a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species as shown below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether $\text{α-Ketoglutarate}$ is a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species or not.

Concept introduction: A species containing 4 carbon atoms is said to be a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species.

For example, succinic acid contains 4 carbon atoms and thus it is said to be a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species as shown below:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether succinate is a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species or not.

Concept introduction: A species containing 4 carbon atoms is said to be a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species.

For example, succinic acid contains 4 carbon atoms and thus it is said to be a ${\text{C}}_{\text{4}}$ species as shown below: