Chapter 13.6, Problem 13.10AFP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scene that best depicts the solution is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. It can exist in any of the phases. Saltwater, rubbing alcohol, bleach, and air are some examples of solutions. It has two components: solute and solvent. The solute is the substance that is present in smaller quantity and gets itself dissolved in the other substance. The solvent is the substance that is present in a larger amount and it dissolves solute in itself.

The characteristics of the solution are as follows:

1. It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

2. The particles of solute can never be seen by the naked eye.

3. It does not allow the light beam to scatter.

4. It is stable.

5. The components of the solution cannot be separated by filtration.

6. It is composed of one phase only.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The boiling point of the solution is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The boiling point of the substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure and the liquid changes into a vapor. Liquids can change into vapors at temperatures below the boiling point through evaporation. It is the process that occurs on the liquid surface due to which it changes into vapors. Both boiling and freezing points are colligative properties because these depend on the number of moles of solute particles that are present in the substance.

The formula to calculate the change in boiling point is as follows:

$\Delta T_{\text{b}}=i{k}_{\text{b}}m$ (1)

Here, $\Delta T_{\text{b}}$ is the change in boiling point.

$i$ is van’t Hoff factor.

$k_{\text{b}}$ is the boiling point elevation constant.

$m$ is the molality of the solution.