(a) To write: About serotype-specific immunity. Introduction: Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 14

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 20

Ch. 13 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 10Q

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