(a) To write: About serotype-specific immunity. Introduction: Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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19. On the diagram below a. Label the three pictures as: DNA; polypeptide; or RNA. b. Label the arrows as: translation or transcription/RNA processing. c. Add the following details to the diagram. Promoter region TATA box Transcription start site Transcription terminator Intron (A,B,C,D) Exons (1,2,3,4,5) Splice sites 5' cap 5' UTR (untranslated region) 3' poly A tail 3' UTR (untranslated region) Translational start (AUG) Translational stop (UGA, UAG, or UAA) N and C ends of polypeptide 0000

Match the letter labels in the figure below to the terms. Some letter labels are not used. MNNNNNNIN M C B A M D F E H K G 8

The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for? 3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 14

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 20

Ch. 13 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 10Q

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