To determine: The meaning of inheriting an increased probability of acquiring a certain form of cancer.
Introduction: Cancer is defined as the condition in which the cells start showing abnormal and uncontrolled growth. The main causes of this condition are mutations which affect the property of contact inhibition among different types of cells. The substances causing the mutation are called carcinogens. Genomic sequencing is the latest technique focused on studying different aspects of genes that contribute to cancer development and also different genetic mutations that can cause cancer.
To determine: The subsequent event(s) that must occur after acquiring a certain form of cancer.
Introduction: Cancer genes are mostly present in the autosomes and are not inherited by a person. This type of cancer is called sporadic cancer and if the mutation occurs in the germ cells it can be inherited by the offspring and this type of cell is called familial cancer.
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
- Although cancer is not a contagious disease in humans or other vertebrates, there have been rare cases in which cancers have spread from one organism to another. Describe three cases of these contagious cancers and what conditions might have led to their appearance. For an introduction to this topic, see http:// www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/is-cancer-contagious.arrow_forwardIs Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) responsible for invasion and/or metastasis of tumors? Explain.arrow_forwardDefine about this ? "Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited"arrow_forward
- In the process of metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed (primary tumour) and travel through blood or lymph system to other parts in body. This is how secondary cancers, called metastatic cancers, are formed. The spread of cancer can happen early or later in its development. When it spreads earlier, it might not have grown into a size that can be noticed yet. What tests (two tests) would you do to diagnose the metastatic cancer and track its point of origin? origin?arrow_forwardIn Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma, NOS; Breast Invasive Cancer, NOS; Invasive Breast Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Lobular Carcinoma; Breast Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma] what role does the genes Tp53 and Tp63 have? Would one of them affect the other (i.e. mutation, etc) or there is not relationship among the two genes at all.arrow_forwardExplain the following statements in 4-6 lines each: Premalignant (hyperplastic or dysplastic) cells are probably present in the organs of the body of a normal (not suffering from cancer) person.arrow_forward
- Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited is an inheritent dominant disorder. The phenotype usually involves the production of many skin neurofibromas. Answer the following questions about the disorder: a) Are the NF1 neurofibromatosis-causing mutations that are inherited by affected children from affected parents likely to be loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations? b) Neurofibromin, the protein product of NF1, is associated with the Ras protein. Ras is involved in the transduction of extracellular signals from growth factors. The active form of Ras is complexed with GTP; the inactive form is complexed with GDP. Would the wild-type neurofibromin protein favor the formation of Ras-GTP or Ras-GDP? c) Which of the following events in a normal cell from an individual inheriting a neurofibromatosis-causing allele could cause the descendents of that cell to turn into a neurofibroma? i. A second point mutation in…arrow_forwardDefine the Cancer as a Multistep Process ?arrow_forwardWhat are the underlying biological mechanisms that differentiate the various types of cancer, and how can a better understanding of these mechanisms lead to more targeted and effective treatments for each specific type of cancer?arrow_forward
- #1) Hyperplastic growth are not cancerous yet but show a higher than normal proliferation rate. True False #2) When cancer cells have not spread beyond its original site, the term used to describe it is benign growth intraepithelial neoplasia carcinoma stage 3 carcinoma in situ #9) Cancer cells generally have missense mutations in p53 gene, resulting in truncated p53 normally active p53 dominant negative p53 inactive p53 #10) Single or double stranded breaks in DNA activate Chk 1 and 2 kinases, which phosphorylates p53. This results in --- in the level of p53 in the cell. increase decreasearrow_forwardWhat may account for the increased incidence of cancer among elderly people?arrow_forwardWhich of the following represents the correct order of steps leading to the development of malignant cancer?a. dysplasia . . . hyperplasia . . . in situ cancer . . . metastasis and/or invasionb. hyperplasia . . . dysplasia . . . metastasis and/or invasion . . . in situ cancerc. dysplasia . . . in situ cancer . . . hyperplasia . . . metastasis and/or invasiond. hyperplasia . . . dysplasia . . . in situ cancer . . . metastasis and/or invasionarrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning