Chapter 12, Problem 12.45EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances ATP, CoA–SH, $\text{FAD}$, and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ that contains two ribose subunits within their structure

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions.ATP,$\text{FAD}$,${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and CoA–SH are examples of a metabolic intermediate.

ATP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ATP consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the three phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds. The structure of ATP is:

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation. The structure of Coenzyme A (CoA) is:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form $\left(\text{FAD}\right)$ and reduced form $\left({\text{FADH}}_2\right)$. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid. The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here,$\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

Answer to Problem 12.45EP

${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of two ribose unit in its structure.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. ADP is a nucleotide which further consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the two phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds.

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here,$\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

The structure of ATP is:

The structure of coenzyme A (CoA) is:

The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

The ribose subunit in each of the metabolic intermediate is highlighted. Here, the structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of two ribose units Hence the correct answer is ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ ATP and $\text{FAD}$ consists of only one ribose unit and coenzyme A (CoA) consists of phosphorylated ribose.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances ATP, CoA–SH, $\text{FAD}$, and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ that contains two phosphate subunits within their structure

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. ATP, $\text{FAD}$,${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and CoA–SH are examples of a metabolic intermediate.

ATP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ATP consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the three phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds. The structure of ATP is:

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation. The structure of Coenzyme A (CoA) is:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form $\left(\text{FAD}\right)$ and reduced form $\left({\text{FADH}}_2\right)$. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid. The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here,$\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

Answer to Problem 12.45EP

CoA-SH, $\text{FAD}$ and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ contain two phosphate subunits in its structure.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of CoA-SH is:

The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here,$\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of ADP subunit. ADP is a nucleotide which further consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the two phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds.

The structure of ATP is:

The phosphate subunit in each of the metabolic intermediate is highlighted. Here, the structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$,$\text{FAD}$ and CoA-SH consist of two phosphate subunits Hence the correct answer is ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$,$\text{FAD}$ and CoA-SH. ATP consists of three phosphate subunit in its structure.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances ATP, CoA–SH,$\text{FAD}$, and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ that contains one adenine subunit within their structure

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. ATP,$\text{FAD}$,${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and CoA–SH are examples of a metabolic intermediate.

ATP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ATP consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the three phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds. The structure of ATP is:

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation. The structure of Coenzyme A (CoA) is:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form $\left(\text{FAD}\right)$ and reduced form $\left({\text{FADH}}_2\right)$. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid. The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP.

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here,$\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

Answer to Problem 12.45EP

CoA-SH,$\text{FAD}$,${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and ATP consists of one adenine subunits in its structure.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of CoA-SH is:

The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here,$\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

ADP is a nucleotide which further consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the two phosphate group.

The structure of ATP is:

The adenine subunit in each of the metabolic intermediate is highlighted. Here, the structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$,$\text{FAD}$, ATP and coenzyme A (CoA) consists of one adenine unit. Hence the correct answer is ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$, ATP, $\text{FAD}$ and coenzyme A (CoA)

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the substances ATP, CoA–SH, $\text{FAD}$, and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ that contains four different kinds of subunits within their structure

Concept introduction: The sum of various chemical reactions occurring in the human body is called metabolism and the reactions individually are known as metabolic reactions. During these metabolic reactions, the various metabolic intermediates are formed for the short time to complete the reactions. ATP,$\text{FAD}$,${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ and CoA–SH are examples of a metabolic intermediate.

ATP is a nucleotide which provides energy for the completion of various metabolic reactions occurring in our human body. The structure of ATP consists of adenine base, ribose sugar unit and the three phosphate group connected to each other by phosphoanhydride bonds. The structure of ATP is:

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme which is utilized in various metabolic reactions. The functions of coenzyme A include oxidation of pyruvate in the citric cycle and fatty acid oxidation. The structure of Coenzyme A (CoA) is:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form $\left(\text{FAD}\right)$ and reduced form $\left({\text{FADH}}_2\right)$. The main function of flavin adenine dinucleotide is to act as an oxidizing agent and used by the cell in oxidation reactions like oxidation of fatty acid. The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide $\left({\text{NAD}}^{+}\right)$ is employed as an oxidizing agent in various reactions like oxidation of secondary alcohol into a ketone. Its structure consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here,$\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

Answer to Problem 12.45EP

CoA-SH,$\text{FAD}$, and ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ contain four different kinds of subunits in its structure.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of CoA-SH is:

The structure of $\text{FAD}$ is:

The structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is:

Here,$\text{R}=\text{Ribose-ADP}$.

${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ consists of three subunits: nicotinamide, ribose, and ADP. The ADP further consists of the adenine base, ribose sugar unit, and the two phosphate group. Hence there are four different groups in ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$.

The structure of ATP is:

The different kinds of the subunits in metabolic intermediate are highlighted. Here, the structure of ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$,$\text{FAD}$ and CoA-SH consists of four different kinds of subunits Hence the correct answer is ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$,$\text{FAD}$ and CoA-SH. ATP consists of three different kinds of the subunit in its structure.