Interpretation:
The reagent used to accomplish the given transformation has to be identified.
Concept Introduction:
Radical Bromination is a process in which the bromine atom is obtained as radical due to irradiation and this attack the carbon atom to form the brominated product. The bromine atom gets substituted in the more substituted carbon atom.
Elimination reactions are the one in which the groups are lost and the saturated bonds are converted to unsaturated bonds. Usually the substitution reaction compete with elimination reaction.
In elimination reaction, the beta proton is removed together with the leaving group to form a double bond.
E2 reaction proceeds through a single step without any formation of intermediates. The base abstracts a proton form the substrate and the loss of leaving group also happens resulting in the formation of double bond. E2 stands for bimolecular elimination.
The proton can be abstracted by the base in two different ways leading to a regiochemical outcome. In the given reaction below, two
The two alkenes that are formed can be given different names. If the alkene is more substituted means it is known as Zaitsev product, and if the alkene formed is less substituted means it is known as Hofmann product. Generally more substituted product is the major product (Zaitsev product).
If the reaction is performed with a sterically hindered base, the major product will be less substituted alkene (Hofmann product). The regiochemical outcome can be decided by choosing the base. Some of the sterically hindered bases are,
Addition reactions are the one in which the groups are added to an unsaturated double bond. The double bond is destroyed because the groups are added across the double bond. If the considered alkene is a symmetrical one, then there is no difference in the product obtained but if the alkene is an unsymmetrical one, then regiochemistry decides the products that are obtained.
When two similar groups are added across a double bond, regiochemistry is irrelevant. When adding two different groups across the double bond of an unsymmetrical alkene, the regiochemistry becomes relevant. In simple words, it can be said that, when two different groups are added across a double bond, then regiochemistry becomes relevant.
Markovnikov Addition
In the vinylic bond, if the bulky group gets substituted in the carbon atom that is more substituted means, it is known as Markovnikov’s addition.
anti-Markovnikov Addition
In the vinylic bond, if the bulky group gets substituted in the carbon atom that is less substituted means, it is known as anti-Markovnikov’s addition.
If hydrogen halide is used in presence of hydrogen peroxide, anti-Markovnikov addition takes place. This means the halide ends up on less substituted carbon atom. This is because when peroxide is used the mechanism that the reaction undergoes is radical mechanism. This involves a radical intermediate instead of ionic intermediate. The main difference between ionic mechanism and radical mechanism is that proton is installed first in ionic mechanism while in radical mechanism, halide is installed first. This is the reason why ionic mechanism gives Markovnikov product and radical mechanism gives anti-Markovnikov product.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 11 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-NEXTGEN+BOX (1 SEM.)
- please solve this problem by telling me which boxes to check. Thank you in advance!arrow_forwardExplain what characteristics of metalloids are more like metals and which are more like nonmetals, based on Na, Mg, Fe, Cl, and Ar.arrow_forwardplease solve this, and help me know which boxes to check. Thank you so much in advance.arrow_forward
- Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. Describe how electronegativity is illustrated on the periodic table including trends between groups and periods and significance of atom size.arrow_forwardDefine the term “transition.” How does this definition apply to the transition metals?arrow_forwardDescribe how the properties of the different types of elements (metals, nonmetals, metalloids) differ.arrow_forward
- Use a textbook or other valid source to research the physical and chemical properties of each element listed in Data Table 1 using the following as a guideline: Ductile (able to be deformed without losing toughness) and malleable (able to be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking) or not ductile or malleable Good, semi, or poor conductors of electricity and heat High or low melting and boiling points Occur or do not occur uncombined/freely in nature High, intermediate, or low reactivity Loses or gains electrons during reactions or is not reactivearrow_forwardProvide the Physical and Chemical Properties of Elements of the following elements listedarrow_forwardQuestions 4 and 5arrow_forward
- For a titration of 40.00 mL of 0.0500 M oxalic acid H2C2O4 with 0.1000 M KOH, calculate the pH at each of the following volume of KOH used in the titration: 1) before the titration begin;2) 15 mL; 3) 20 mL; 4) 25 mL; 5) 40 mL; 6) 50 mL. Ka1 = 5.90×10^-2, Ka2 = 6.50×10^-5 for oxalic acid.arrow_forwardPredict the major organic product(s), if any, of the following reactions. Assume all reagents are in excess unless otherwise indicated.arrow_forwardPredict the major organic product(s), if any, of the following reactions. Assume all reagents are in excess unless otherwise indicated.arrow_forward
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY