IP addresses: The IP address denotes an unsigned integer that is 32-bit. The IP addresses is been stored by network programs in IP address structure. The addresses present in IP address structure are stored in network byte order. An unsigned 32-bit integer is converted from host byte order to network byte order by “htonl” function. An unsigned 32-bit integer is converted from network byte order host byte order by “ntohl” function. The IP address is presented to humans in a form known as “dotted-decimal” notation. Each byte is been represented by its corresponding decimal value and is separated by a period from other bytes. The getaddrinfo Function: It converts string representation of hostnames, host addresses, service names and port numbers into structures of socket address. It denotes replacement for “gethostbyname” and “getservbyname” functions. The two components of socket address denote “host” and “service”, the method returns result that points to a linked list of “addrinfo” structures. The “host” argument can either be a domain name or a numeric address. The “service” argument can be either a service name or a decimal port number. The getnameinfo Function: It converts structures of socket address to corresponding host and service name strings. It denotes replacement for “gethostbyaddr” and “getservbyport” functions. The argument “sa” points to a structure of socket address with size “salen” bytes. It points to host with buffer of size “hostlen” bytes and “service” to a buffer of size “servlen” bytes. The result is been copied into “host” and “service” buffers. If it returns a non-zero error code, the application can convert it to a string by calling “gai_strerror”.

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Chapter 11.4, Problem 11.4PP

Program Plan Intro

IP addresses:

The IP address denotes an unsigned integer that is 32-bit.

The IP addresses is been stored by network programs in IP address structure.

The addresses present in IP address structure are stored in network byte order.

An unsigned 32-bit integer is converted from host byte order to network byte order by “htonl” function.

An unsigned 32-bit integer is converted from network byte order host byte order by “ntohl” function.

The IP address is presented to humans in a form known as “dotted-decimal” notation.

Each byte is been represented by its corresponding decimal value and is separated by a period from other bytes.

The getaddrinfo Function:

It converts string representation of hostnames, host addresses, service names and port numbers into structures of socket address.

It denotes replacement for “gethostbyname” and “getservbyname” functions.

The two components of socket address denote “host” and “service”, the method returns result that points to a linked list of “addrinfo” structures.

The “host” argument can either be a domain name or a numeric address.

The “service” argument can be either a service name or a decimal port number.

The getnameinfo Function:

It converts structures of socket address to corresponding host and service name strings.

It denotes replacement for “gethostbyaddr” and “getservbyport” functions.

The argument “sa” points to a structure of socket address with size “salen” bytes.

It points to host with buffer of size “hostlen” bytes and “service” to a buffer of size “servlen” bytes.

The result is been copied into “host” and “service” buffers.

If it returns a non-zero error code, the application can convert it to a string by calling “gai_strerror”.

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