![Genetics: From Genes to Genomes](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781259700903/9781259700903_largeCoverImage.gif)
Concept explainers
Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column.
a. DNA polymorphism | DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
b. phase | two different |
c. informative cross | arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
d. ASO | location on a chromosome |
e. SNP | a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
f. DNA fingerprinting | a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
g. SSR | detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
h. locus | allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
i. compound heterozygote | all exons in a genome |
j. exome | individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “DNA polymorphism” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is packaged in a chromosome as two spiraling strands. These two strands twist together to form a double helix structure.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
DNA polymorphism: A DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms
Explanation of Solution
DNA polymorphism refers to a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more alleles at a locus.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “phase” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
The term phase is also described as linkage phase. The occurrence of two dissimilar genes on same chromosome is defined as linkage.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Phase: Arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid
Explanation of Solution
The arrangement of the alleles of linked genes on two parental chromosomes referred to as the linkage phase.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “informative cross” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
The forms of genetic crossese are informative cross, testcross, backcross, monohybrid cross, and dihybrid cross.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Informative cross: Allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant
Explanation of Solution
The genetic crosses that allow the identification of recombinant and nonrecombinant gametes are known as informative crosses.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “ASO” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
The full form of ASO is allele-specific oligonucleotide. Short deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid polymers are defined as oligonucleotide.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
ASO: A short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chosen SNP locus
Explanation of Solution
ASO refers to short 20 to 40 base long oligonucleotides that will hybridize under specific conditions to only one of the two alleles at SNP locus.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “SNP” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
SNP is referred to as single nucleotide polymorphism. The differnce in the sequence of nucleotide between the living beings is described as polymorphism.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
SNP: Two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals
Explanation of Solution
SNP refers to a single nucleotide locus with two naturally existing alleles described by single base pair substitution.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “DNA fingerprinting” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting refers to a technique that is generally utilized for forensic purposes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
DNA fingerprinting: Detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci
Explanation of Solution
In DNA fingerprinting, genotyping of multiple polymorphic loci provides information to identify people from their DNA.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “SSR” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
The full form of SSR is simple sequence repeats, and these repeats are also known as microsatellites.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
SSR: DNA element composed of short tandemly repeated sequences:
Explanation of Solution
The loci of SSR consist of sequences of few bases that are repeated in tandem less than ten to more than hundred times.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “locus” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
Locus term is sometimes also defined as a gene. The term gene refers to the primary unit of heredity.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Locus: Location on a chromosome
Explanation of Solution
Locus refers to a designated location on a chromosome. Inside the nucleus, the molecule of DNA is packaged into a specific structure known as chromosome.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “compound heterozygote” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
The individual containing two types of alleles for a particular gene is described as the heterozygote.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Compound heterozygote: Individual with two different mutations in the same gene
Explanation of Solution
Compound heterozygote refers to an individual that contain two different mutant alleles of the same gene.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
j.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “exome” among the options given below:
1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences |
2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals |
3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid |
4. location on a chromosome |
5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms |
6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus |
7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci |
8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant |
9. all exons in a genome |
10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene |
Introduction:
The term exome refer to coding parts of the genes. Genes are the primary functional and physical unit of heredity.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Exome: All exons in a genome
Explanation of Solution
Exome refers to the collection of all exons of all the genes and constitutes less than two percent of whole-genome DNA.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 11 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- What are some external influences that keep people from making healthy eating decisions?arrow_forwardWhat type of structure(s) would you expect to see in peripheral membrane proteins? (mark all that apply) A. Amphipathic alpha helix (one side is hydrophilic and one side is hydrophobic) B. A hydrophobic beta barrel C. A hydrophobic alpha helix D. A chemical group attached to the protein that can anchor it to the membranearrow_forwardTemporal flexibility (the ability to change over time) of actin structures within a cell is maintained by… A. The growth/shrinkage cycle B. Periodic catastrophe C. GTP hydrolysis D. Treadmilling E. None of the abovearrow_forward
- During in vitro polymerization of actin and microtubule filaments from their subunits, what causes the initial delay in filament growth? A.Nucleation B.Reaching homeostasis C.Nucleotide exchange D.ATP or GTP hydrolysis E.Treadmillingarrow_forwardYou expect to find which of the following in the Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)...(mark all that apply) A. Gamma tubulin B. XMAP215 C. Centrioles D. Kinesin-13arrow_forwardThe actin-nucleating protein formin has flexible “arms” containing binding sites that help recruit subunits in order to enhance microfilament polymerization. What protein binds these sites? A.Thymosin B.Profilin C.Cofilin D.Actin E.Tropomodulinarrow_forward
- While investigating an unidentified motor protein, you discover that it has two heads that bind to actin. Based on this information, you could confidently determine that it is NOT... (mark all that apply) A. A myosin I motor B. A dynein motor C. A myosin VI motor D. A kinesin motorarrow_forwardYou isolate the plasma membrane of cells and find that . . . A. it contains regions with different lipid compositions B. it has different lipid types on the outer and cytosolic leaflets of the membrane C. neither are possible D. A and B both occurarrow_forwardYou are studying the mobility of a transmembrane protein that contains extracellular domains, one transmembrane domain, and a large cytosolic domain. Under normal conditions, this protein is confined to a particular region of the membrane due to the cortical actin cytoskeletal network. Which of the following changes is most likely to increase mobility of this protein beyond the normal restricted region of the membrane? A. Increased temperature B. Protease cleavage of the extracellular domain of the protein C. Binding to a free-floating extracellular ligand, such as a hormone D. Protease cleavage of the cytosolic domain of the protein E. Aggregation of the protein with other transmembrane proteinsarrow_forward
- Topic: Benthic invertebrates as an indicator species for climate change, mapping changes in ecosystems (Historical Analysis & GIS) What objects or events has the team chosen to analyze? How does your team wish to delineate the domain or scale in which these objects or events operate? How does that limited domain facilitate a more feasible research project? What is your understanding of their relationships to other objects and events? Are you excluding other things from consideration which may influence the phenomena you seek to understand? Examples of such exclusions might include certain air-born pollutants; a general class of water bodies near Ottawa, or measurements recorded at other months of the year; interview participants from other organizations that are involved in the development of your central topic or issue. In what ways do your research questions follow as the most appropriate and/or most practical questions (given the circumstances) to pursue to better understand…arrow_forwardThe Esp gene encodes a protein that alters the structure of the insulin receptor on osteoblasts and interferes with the binding of insulin to the receptor. A researcher created a group of osteoblasts with an Esp mutation that prevented the production of a functional Esp product (mutant). The researcher then exposed the mutant strain and a normal strain that expresses Esp to glucose and compared the levels of insulin in the blood near the osteoblasts (Figure 2). Which of the following claims is most consistent with the data shown in Figure 2 ? A Esp expression is necessary to prevent the overproduction of insulin. B Esp protein does not regulate blood-sarrow_forwardPredict the per capita rate of change (r) for a population of ruil trees in the presence of the novel symbiont when the soil moisture is 29%. The formula I am given is y= -0.00012x^2 + 0.0088x -0.1372. Do I use this formula and plug in 29 for each x variable?arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage LearningCase Studies In Health Information ManagementBiologyISBN:9781337676908Author:SCHNERINGPublisher:CengageConcepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax College
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305967359/9781305967359_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305251052/9781305251052_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305112100/9781305112100_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337392938/9781337392938_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781938168116/9781938168116_smallCoverImage.gif)