Concept explainers
a.
To determine:
The subunit structure of hemoglobin molecules marked X, Y, and Z.
Introduction:
Hemoglobin is an essential part of RBCs as it delivers oxygen to all the parts of the human body.
b.
To determine:
The normal condition that should increase the hemoglobin percentage in a newborn that is HbZ.
Introduction:
Hemoglobin refers to a protein in RBCs that carries oxygen throughout the body. The hemoglobin is made up of subunits known as heme, which gives the blood its red color.
c.
To determine:
The normal condition that should increase the hemoglobin percentage in an adult that is HbY.
Introduction:
A normal adult hemoglobin molecule consists of two alpha globins and two beta globins. Each globin surrounds an iron-containing a small molecular structure called heme group.
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Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- 30. The following figure shows an electrophoretic analysis of the hemoglobin proteins present in normal adults, newborns, and fetuses. Each band represents a complete hemoglobin protein with all of its subunits. The intensity of the band indicates the relative amount of that protein in the sample. Y Adult Newborn Fetus a. What is the subunit structure of the hemoglobin molecules marked X, Y, and Z? b. Name one abnormal condition that should increase the percentage of HbZ hemoglobin in a newborn. c. Name one abnormal condition that should increase the percentage of HbY hemoglobin in an adult.arrow_forwardplease answer and explain 1 and 2arrow_forwardNormal Hgb is referred to as HbA and contains 4 subunits, 2 a-globin chains and 2 B-globin chains, arranged as two dimers of aß. In Sickle Cell Disease, both B-globin chains are altered in the dimers (aßS/aßS). Q3: Which level of structure does the aß/aß and aßS/aßS in HbA and HbS describe?arrow_forward
- Bence-Jones protein is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa and is found in high concentration in the urine of Multiple Myeloma patients. Multiple Myeloma is a type of cancer in which lymphocytes multiply and break down bone marrow and bone. Which method would you prefer to show the Bence-Jones protein in the urine for the diagnosis of the disease? Explain the principle of your preferred method.arrow_forwardHemoglobin is a complex protein that contains four polypeptide chains. The normal hemoglobin found in adults—called adult hemoglobin— consists of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains, which are encoded by different loci. Sickle-cell hemoglobin, which causes sicklecell anemia, arises from a mutation in the beta chain of adult hemoglobin. Adult hemoglobin and sickle-cell hemoglobin differ in a single amino acid: the sixth amino acid from one end in adult hemoglobin is glutamic acid, whereas sickle-cell hemoglobin has valine at this position. After consulting the genetic code provided in Figure 15.10, indicate the type and location of the mutation that gave rise tosickle-cell anemia.arrow_forwardThe Bence-Jones protein is a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa and is found in high concentration in the urine of MulKpl Myeloma patients. MulKpl Myeloma is a type of cancer in which lymphocytes multiply and break down bone marrow and bone. Which method would you prefer to show the Bence-Jones protein in the urine for the diagnosis of the disease? Explain the principle of your preferred method.arrow_forward
- Four proteins Cytochrome C (pI=10.2) Myoglobin (pI=7.2), Hemoglobin (pI = 6.8) and Serum Albumin (pI= 4.8) were used in our gel electrophoresis lab exercise. If the electrophoretic separation is carried out at pH 7.0, which protein would move toward the negative electrode? Cytochrome C Myoglobin Hemoglobinarrow_forwardSuppose that you are tasked to determine the protein concentration of an unknown protein solution via Bradford assay. You prepared six solutions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with different concentrations. The initial concentration of the BSA stock solution is 7.50 mg/mL. Approximately 200 µL of Bradford Reagent was added to each of these solutions and the absorbance at 595 nm was taken after 5 minutes. See the table below for data on the standard solutions. Standard # A595 BSA conc (mg/mL) 0.000 0.158 2 1.125 0.291 2.250 0.372 4 3.375 0.503 5 4.500 6 5.625 0.675 Determine the protein concentration, in mg/mL, of the unknown solution if its absorbance at 595 nm was 0.248. Note: Final answer format must be x.xx (two decimal places). Round off only in the final answer. Do not round off in the middle of calculation.arrow_forwardGlucose 6-Pase is an enzyme present in liver cells but not in muscle cells. The enzyme is bound to the endoplasmic reticulum which forms microsomes when the cells are hydrolyzed. Which of the following is the first critical step in isolating the glucose 6-Pase? A. Preparing the appropriate buffer for isolating the enzyme. B. Identifying the tissue from which to isolate the enzyme of interest and from which additional purification techniques can be applied. O C. Determining the appropriate method or reagent to lyse the cell O D. Obtaining the fraction from the cell which probably contains the enzyme. E. Determining the appropriate chromatographic method to remove contaminating proteins or other biomoleculesarrow_forward
- Consider the fluorescence spectra for bovine serum albumin (BSA) below. One solution contains phosphate buffered saline (PBS), while the other contains 1M HCL. Why does the fluorescence change the way it does? I.e., why do we observe a higher peak and a shift to the left under the presence of acid?arrow_forwardThe study of the b-globin gene helped establish the one gene-one polypeptide relationship. Which of the following statements related to the b-globin gene study is true? a. all mutations in the b-globin gene lead to sickle cell disease b. some mutations in the b-globin gene lead to sickle cell disease c. all mutations in the b-globin gene altered the b chain in hemoglobinarrow_forwardElectrophoresis is performed at PH 6.8 on a mixture of mutated hemoglobin that differ from normal haemoglobin (Hb) only by the substitution of one amino acid- Hb X: Val replaced par Glu - Hb Y: Asp replaced by Leu - Hb Z: Glu replaced by Lys What will be the order of migration between cathode and anode of these mutated Hb compared to normal Hb? Justify your answer.arrow_forward