Chapter 1, Problem 1P

Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column.

a. complementarity	1. a linear polymer of amino acids that folds into a particular shape
b. nucleotide	2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information
c. chromosomes	3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instructions in DNA
d. protein	4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds
e. genome	5. alteration of DNA sequence
f. gene	6. part of a gene that can contain protein coding information
g. uracil	7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes
h. exon	8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein
i. intron	9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information
j. DNA	10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism
k. RNA	11. subunit of the DNA macromolecule
l. mutation	12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “complementarity” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Complementarity can be defined as the situation undr which two things emphasize on the quality of each other.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Complementarity: G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds.

Explanation of Solution

DNA molecule is double strand of nucleotides carrying complementary G-C or A-T base pairs. These complementary base pairs (G-C or A-T) bind together with the help of hydrogen bonds.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “nucleotide” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Nucleotide is the basic building blocks of nucleic acid. They are composed of pentose sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Nucleotide: Subunit of the DNA macromolecules

Explanation of Solution

The linear DNA molecules stores biological information in units called nucleotides. Guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine are the components of the nucleotide.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “chromosomes” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Chromosomes can be defined as the thread-like structure in which the nucleic acid DNA(Deoxyribose nucleic acid) is packed tightly.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Chromosomes: DNA/protein structures that contain genes

Explanation of Solution

Chromosomes are organized structures containing DNA and proteins that manage the duplication, storage, and the expression of gene.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “protein” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Proteins can be defined as the building blocks of amino acids. They are essential biomolecules of living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Protein: A linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

Explanation of Solution

Amino acids are the building blocks of the proteins. Proteins play an important role in regulating body function and maintaining immunity of the body.

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “genome” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Genome can be defined as the total set or entire content of genetic material that is present in the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Genome: The entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

Explanation of Solution

Genome refers to the DNA within the entire collection of chromosomes in each cell of an organism. Human cells contain 24 types of chromosomes carrying approximately $3\times {10}^9$ base pairs and roughly 27, 000 genes.

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gene” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Gene can be defined as the basic type of functional and physical unit of heredity.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gene: DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

Explanation of Solution

The DNA regions that encode proteins are referred to as genes. Gene is regarded as a basis functional unit of heredity.

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “uracil” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Uracil is the nitrogenous base that is present in Ribose nucleic acid. It is a type of pyrimidine base.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Uracil: The only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Explanation of Solution

DNA molecules are composed of four subunits: the bases G, C, A, and T. Very similar to DNA, RNA molecules are also composed of four subunits, except U (uracil) replaces T of DNA.

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “exon” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Exon can be defined as the coding region of the genetic material that is capable of making proteins.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Exon: Part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

Explanation of Solution

The protein-coding regions of the genes are referred to as exon. Exons are separated by DNA that does not code for protein.

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “intron” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Introns are the non-coding region of the genetic content.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Introns: Part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

Explanation of Solution

The protein-coding region of most genes is subdivided into as many as 10 or more small pieces that are separated by DNA, which does not code for proteins called introns.

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “DNA” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid. It is a type of genetic material present in the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

DNA: A double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

Explanation of Solution

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded strand of nucleotides that stores the biological information. It is a hereditary material in almost all living beings.

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “RNA” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

RNA stands for Ribonucleic acid. It is a type of genetic material present in the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

RNA: A polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

Explanation of Solution

RNA (ribonucleic acid) is an intermediary in converting the information in DNA into the sequence of amino acids in protein.

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mutation” among the options given below.

1. a linear polymer of amino acids that fold into a particular shape

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. a polymer of nucleotides that is an intermediary in the synthesis of proteins from instruction in DNA

4. G-C and A-T base pairing in DNA through hydrogen bonds

5. alteration of DNA sequence

6. part of a gene that can obtain protein coding information

7. DNA/protein structures that contain genes

8. DNA information for a single function, such as production of a protein

9. the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

10. a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that stores the inherited blueprint of an organism

11. subunit of the DNA macromolecules

12. the only one of the four bases in RNA that is not in DNA

Introduction:

Mutation can be defined as the abnormality in the genetic content of the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mutation: Alteration of DNA sequence

Explanation of Solution

The two important properties of genetic material (DNA) are storing information and expression. Genetic material copies itself before it undergoes cell division, but sometimes DNA fails to ensure proper transmission. Mutation is responsible for the permanent heritable change in DNA sequence.