(a) Interpretation: The orbitals used to form each of the three indicated single bonds in Santalbic acid are to be found out. These σ bonds in order of increasing bond length is to be ranked. Concept introduction: Alkynes are an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The general formula of alkynes is C n H 2n-2 . The simplest hydrocarbon of alkyne family is acetylene having two carbon atom. Alkynes can be divided into the following two categories based on the position of triple bond; 1) internal alkyne 2) terminal alkyne. In internal alkynes there are no hydrogen atoms bonded to triply bonded carbon atoms. In terminal alkynes there is at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a triply bonded carbon atom. In alkynes the σ bond is formed by the end-on-overlap of the two sp hybrid orbitals. Subsequently, the π bond is formed by side-by-side overlap of two 2p orbitals.

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 11, Problem 11.2P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The orbitals used to form each of the three indicated single bonds in Santalbic acid are to be found out. These σ bonds in order of increasing bond length is to be ranked.

Concept introduction: Alkynes are an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The general formula of alkynes is C_nH_2n-2. The simplest hydrocarbon of alkyne family is acetylene having two carbon atom. Alkynes can be divided into the following two categories based on the position of triple bond; 1) internal alkyne 2) terminal alkyne. In internal alkynes there are no hydrogen atoms bonded to triply bonded carbon atoms. In terminal alkynes there is at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a triply bonded carbon atom. In alkynes the σ bond is formed by the end-on-overlap of the two sp hybrid orbitals. Subsequently, the π bond is formed by side-by-side overlap of two 2p orbitals.

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Draw and name molecules that meet the following descriptions; [4] a) An organic molecule containing 2 sp2 hybridised carbon and 1 sp-hybridised carbon atom. b) A cycloalkene, C7H12, with a tetrasubstituted double bond. Also answer question 2 from the image

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 11, Problem 11.2P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The orbitals used to form each of the three indicated single bonds in Santalbic acid are to be found out. These σ bonds in order of increasing bond length is to be ranked.

Concept introduction: Alkynes are an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The general formula of alkynes is C_nH_2n-2. The simplest hydrocarbon of alkyne family is acetylene having two carbon atom. Alkynes can be divided into the following two categories based on the position of triple bond; 1) internal alkyne 2) terminal alkyne. In internal alkynes there are no hydrogen atoms bonded to triply bonded carbon atoms. In terminal alkynes there is at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a triply bonded carbon atom. In alkynes the σ bond is formed by the end-on-overlap of the two sp hybrid orbitals. Subsequently, the π bond is formed by side-by-side overlap of two 2p orbitals.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 11, Problem 11.2P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The orbitals used to form each of the three indicated single bonds in Santalbic acid are to be found out. These σ bonds in order of increasing bond length is to be ranked.

Concept introduction: Alkynes are an unsaturated hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The general formula of alkynes is C_nH_2n-2. The simplest hydrocarbon of alkyne family is acetylene having two carbon atom. Alkynes can be divided into the following two categories based on the position of triple bond; 1) internal alkyne 2) terminal alkyne. In internal alkynes there are no hydrogen atoms bonded to triply bonded carbon atoms. In terminal alkynes there is at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a triply bonded carbon atom. In alkynes the σ bond is formed by the end-on-overlap of the two sp hybrid orbitals. Subsequently, the π bond is formed by side-by-side overlap of two 2p orbitals.

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Answer 4

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 11, Problem 11.2P

Interpretation Introduction