Chapter 10, Problem 53PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different reagents used to accomplish the given transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Soda amide: The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as asters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Markovnikov’s Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Hydrogen reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system.

The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Hydrogenation:  The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds (alkenes, alkynes) is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different reagents used to accomplish the given transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Soda amide: The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as asters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Markovnikov’s Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Hydrogen reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system.

The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Hydrogenation:  The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds (alkenes, alkynes) is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different reagents used to accomplish the given transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Soda amide: The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as asters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Markovnikov’s Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Hydrogen reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system.

The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Hydrogenation:  The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds (alkenes, alkynes) is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different reagents used to accomplish the given transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Soda amide: The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as asters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Markovnikov’s Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Hydrogen reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system.

The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Hydrogenation:  The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds (alkenes, alkynes) is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different reagents used to accomplish the given transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Soda amide: The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as asters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Markovnikov’s Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Hydrogen reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system.

The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Hydrogenation:  The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds (alkenes, alkynes) is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different reagents used to accomplish the given transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Soda amide: The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as asters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Markovnikov’s Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Hydrogen reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Birch Reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system.

The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Hydrogenation:  The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds (alkenes, alkynes) is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.