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What are the mechanisms in which DNA is used to generate protein. The key points in the process and mention any major differences between the mechanism in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Although the DNA in our genes is considered to be the heritable genetic material, other factors, including the environment are considered to play an important role in the activity and expression of those genes; the role that epigenetics & developmental epigenetics play in health & disease.
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- What are the mechanisms in which DNA is used to generate protein. What are the key points in the process and major differences between the mechanism in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Although the DNA in our genes is considered to be the heritable genetic material, other factors, including the environment are considered to play an important role in the activity and expression of those genes. Summarize the role that epigenetics & developmental epigenetics play in health & disease.Describe the mechanisms in which DNA is used to generate protein. Reflect on the key points in the process and mention any major differences between the mechanism in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Although the DNA in our genes is considered to be the heritable genetic material, other factors, including the environment are considered to play an important role in the activity and expression of those genes. Summarize the role that epigenetics & developmental epigenetics play in health & disease.IS. Alternative splicing has been estimated to occur in more than 95% of multi-exon genes. Which of the following is not an evolutionary advantage of alternative splicing? Alternative splicing increases diversity without increasing genome size Different gene isoforms can be expressed in different tissues Alternative splicing creates shorter mRNA transcripts Different gene isoforms can be expressed during different stages of development.
- What are the details of the epigenetic processes involved in gene regulation of Histone Modification and DNA methylation? Summarizing these concepts please: All possible enzymes involved ; Reader/writer/eraser designation for the enzyme; Effect on gene expression or consequences; function of the modificationThe fidelity of the genetic code and the transfer of information contained in genes to proteins is crucial to the function of the cellular machinery and the life of the cell. Is the genetic code universal in all cells? What characteristics of the genetic code contribute to its degeneracy? How can changes in the genetic code alter cell function? Share relevant examples, of how the genetic code could be potentially altered and/ or the effect of changes in the code on protein expression. Include a reference.Briefly, be able to define each of these AND, where relevant, tell what do they do, and which process(es) are they involved in (for example, replication or translation or transcription or splicing etc.) * means can you draw it (stick figure)? *fork Genetic terms on test3 helicase heritability (broad vs. narrow sense) Hox genes Intercalating agent Kinetochore MRNA (eukaryotic) 3 processing steps nucleosome *nucleotide (what are its parts?) Okazaki fragment *operon PCR plasmid polyA polymerase polyploidy vs. aneuploidy *promoter proofreading purine pyrimidine QTL
- One of the challenges of studying RNA is the rapid degeneration of RNA. While the half-life of mRNA depends on the solutionit is in, in situ the half life of mRNA is between 5 minutes (E. coli) and 25 minutes (S. cerevisiae). When performing gene expression analyses it is important to make sure you can freeze a sample of mRNA in liquid nitrogen (halting mRNA decay) rapidly as to not loose too much of the original expression. Answer question A and B in order to answer the attached image questions Poll 1 and 2. A. You are doing an experiment with E. coli, what is the decay mRNA decay rate? B. If the sample initially has 0.25 pico-moles or mRNA, how much will remain in the sample if you freeze it 3 minutes later? See attached image for next question. Answer the two green poll questions please!!Dystrophin is a protein that forms part of a vital protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber cell to the extracellular matrix. This connection strengthens and shapes the muscle fibers. Dystrophin is coded by the DMD gene. This is one of the longest human genes known, covering 2,300,000 base pairs (0.08% of the human genome) It is located in chromosome 21. The immature mRNA is 2,100,000 bases long and takes 16 hours to transcribe. It contains 79 exons. The mature mRNA measures 14,000 and codes for a protein with 3,685 amino acids. Abnormal expression of dystrophin leads to severe symptoms like muscle weakness and fatigability, a disease that is called muscular dystrophy. Most patients with muscular dystrophy become wheelchair dependent early in life. Cardiac muscle is also affected which results typically in premature death (~ second or third decade of life). Several mutations in this gene have led to the production of low levels of dystrophin or of a defective,…How do dietary factors interact with DNA methyltransferase to affect an organism's phenotype in an epigenetic manner? Some dietary factors degrade DNA methyltransferase, preventing it from removing methyl groups from sections of DNA, thereby altering gene expression Some dietary factors interact with methyl groups directly preventing DNA methyltransferase from methylating any DNA, changing gene expression in the organism as a result Some dietary factors inhibit DNA methyltransferaseactivity, reducing the methylation of the organism's DNA and changing its gene expression Some dietary factors bind toDNA methyltransferaseand enable it to methylateDNA, thereby changing geneexpression Some dietary factors upregulate DNA methyltransferase activity, increasing the overall methylationof the organism's DNA and changing its gene expression
- BRCA1 is mutated in a large percentage of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 protein serves as a key enzyme in repairing DNA double-strand breaks. More than 800 mutations in the BRCA1 are clinically significant. This collection of mutations include missense mutations, small deletions, and large rearrangements that result in a protein with reduced function or no protein product. BRCA1 functions by interacting with a variety of proteins, such as Rb, Myc, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), and Rad50/51. Rb is important for cell cycle arrest; Myc is a transcription factor that activates genes required for cell proliferation; activated CDK promotes cell cycle progression; and Rad50/51 proteins facilitate repair of DNA double-strand breaks. How many of the mutations listed below would lead to excessive cell growth when the cell was either homozygous or heterozygous for the mutation? Increased expression of Myc Constitutively active Rad50/51 A null mutation in Rb Continuous production…Given the following schematic for a gene and its associated regulatory regions, answer the following questions by placing the correct letter in the provided blanks please put in the correct letter for the questions What region would provide cell type-specific expression of genes? region What site would significantly increase gene expression rates? = region What region or regions of this gene’s coding sequence are expressed as amino acids = regionWhat is the name given to study of biochemical nature of genes and how genes express their encoded information
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