Using specific examples of receptor-ligand binding, compare and contrast cell signalling by G protein-coupled receptors and nuclear receptors in living cells.
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Using specific examples of receptor-ligand binding, compare and contrast cell signalling by G protein-coupled receptors and nuclear receptors in living cells.
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- Using specific examples, compare and contrast G-protein coupled receptors and nuclear receptors with respect to location, structure, signalling and timescale of response.What is signal transduction? Illustrate and describe the molecular events in signal transduction pathways involving 1) G-protein-coupled receptors and 2) enzyme linked receptors.Different cell types express different types of receptors; even asingle cell may express multiple receptor types. Explain?
- Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK receptors with respect to (a)structure (especially the transmembrane region), (b) activation mechanism, and (c) initial signal transduction across the membrane.Briefly explain how integrin inside-out and outside-in signaling is different structurally and functionally? (hint: explain what happened to ligand binding and conformation)Explain three ways in which gradual increase in an extracellular signal can be sharpened by the target cell to produce an abrupt or nearly all-or-none response.
- 1a) Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signaling mechanism of action G protein-coupled receptors and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can for a novel pathway.In which of the following signaling pathways does ligand binding induce the phosphorylation of the receptor molecules? (Check all that apply.) A The TGF-beta pathway. B The Hedgehog/smoothened pathway. The Notch/Delta pathway. D) The Receptor-tyrosine kinase pathway. E) The canonical Wnt pathway.E: Using either GPCRs (G-protein couples receptors) or RTKs (Receptor tyrosine kinases), describe: 1. How ligand binding activates the receptor. Ex: which proteins are involved? what changes can occur to the receptor after binding the ligand? 2. A signal transduction pathway that occurs due to the ligand binding (must include a secondary messenger). 3. Any cellular response due to the ligand binding. 4. A way that the signal pathway is regulated.
- Give an example of contact-dependent signaling. What are some proteins involved?Three potential inhibitors for VEGF were discussed in the signal transduction simulation. Explain two possible steps that these drugs can be expected to interfere with VEGF signaling (Hint: think about the requirements for signaling to occur).Why do we need to identify and determine the function of every single molecule involved in cell signalling? Provide one concrete example of an application of an elucidated cascade of events in cell signalling. (The answer should be no less than 300 words)