Use the information provided in the experiment below to annotate/ label the figure. Background: Boll weevil is a serious pest of cotton crop. Effective control involves applications of chemical insecticides, increasing the cost of production and environmental pollution. The current genetically modified Bt crops have allowed great benefits to farmers but show activity limited to lepidopteran pests. This work reports on procedures adopted for integration and expression of a cry transgene conferring resistance to boll weevil and fall armyworm by using molecular tools. Four Brazilian cotton cultivars were microinjected with a minimal linear cassette generating 1248 putative lines. Complete gene integration was found in only one line (TO-34) containing one copy of crylla detected by Southern blot. Protein was expressed in high concentration at 45 days after emergence (dae), decreasing by approximately 50% at 90 dae. Toxicity of the cry protein was demonstrated in feeding bioassays revealing 56.7% mortality to boll weevil fed buds and 88.1% mortality to fall armyworm fed leaves. A binding of crylla antibody was found in the midgut of boll weevils fed on TO-34 buds in an immunodetection assay. The gene introduced into plants confers resistance tboll weevil and fall armyworm. Transmisson of the transgene occurred normally to TI progeny. All plants showed phenotypically normal growth, with fertile flowers and abundant seeds. Results relating to figure: Twenty self-fertilised seeds, all descendents from the T0-34 line, were sown in the greenhouse, and leaves of plants were used in PCR assays in order to estimate cry1Ia gene inheritance by descendents. Seventeen plants showed expected amplicons in the T1 generation (Fig. 7), exhibiting a segregating ratio consistent Mendel’s laws (3:1; ?2 =0.39, df=1, P =0.47), and indigration of the transgene at a single locus. During the development, all plants showed phenotypically normal growth, with fertile flowers and boll yields similar to BRS 293 (non-transformed plant). Some agronomical traits are given in table 4. Although no fibre traits were evaluated, no pleiotropic effect resulting from insertion of cry1Ia was identified in the T1 lines, at least for the traits recorded.
Use the information provided in the experiment below to annotate/ label the figure. Background: Boll weevil is a serious pest of cotton crop. Effective control involves applications of chemical insecticides, increasing the cost of production and environmental pollution. The current genetically modified Bt crops have allowed great benefits to farmers but show activity limited to lepidopteran pests. This work reports on procedures adopted for integration and expression of a cry transgene conferring resistance to boll weevil and fall armyworm by using molecular tools. Four Brazilian cotton cultivars were microinjected with a minimal linear cassette generating 1248 putative lines. Complete gene integration was found in only one line (TO-34) containing one copy of crylla detected by Southern blot. Protein was expressed in high concentration at 45 days after emergence (dae), decreasing by approximately 50% at 90 dae. Toxicity of the cry protein was demonstrated in feeding bioassays revealing 56.7% mortality to boll weevil fed buds and 88.1% mortality to fall armyworm fed leaves. A binding of crylla antibody was found in the midgut of boll weevils fed on TO-34 buds in an immunodetection assay. The gene introduced into plants confers resistance tboll weevil and fall armyworm. Transmisson of the transgene occurred normally to TI progeny. All plants showed phenotypically normal growth, with fertile flowers and abundant seeds. Results relating to figure: Twenty self-fertilised seeds, all descendents from the T0-34 line, were sown in the greenhouse, and leaves of plants were used in PCR assays in order to estimate cry1Ia gene inheritance by descendents. Seventeen plants showed expected amplicons in the T1 generation (Fig. 7), exhibiting a segregating ratio consistent Mendel’s laws (3:1; ?2 =0.39, df=1, P =0.47), and indigration of the transgene at a single locus. During the development, all plants showed phenotypically normal growth, with fertile flowers and boll yields similar to BRS 293 (non-transformed plant). Some agronomical traits are given in table 4. Although no fibre traits were evaluated, no pleiotropic effect resulting from insertion of cry1Ia was identified in the T1 lines, at least for the traits recorded.
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Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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Use the information provided in the experiment below to annotate/ label the figure.
Background: Boll weevil is a serious pest of cotton crop. Effective control involves applications of chemical insecticides, increasing the cost of production and environmental pollution. The current genetically modified Bt crops have allowed great
benefits to farmers but show activity limited to lepidopteran pests. This work reports on procedures adopted for integration and expression of a cry transgene conferring resistance to boll weevil and fall armyworm by using molecular tools.
Four Brazilian cotton cultivars were microinjected with a minimal linear cassette generating 1248 putative lines.
Complete gene integration was found in only one line (TO-34) containing one copy of crylla detected by Southern blot. Protein was expressed in high concentration at 45 days after emergence (dae), decreasing by approximately 50% at 90 dae. Toxicity of the cry protein was demonstrated in feeding bioassays revealing 56.7% mortality to boll weevil fed buds and 88.1% mortality to fall armyworm fed leaves. A binding of crylla antibody was found in the midgut of boll weevils fed on TO-34 buds in an immunodetection assay.
The gene introduced into plants confers resistance tboll weevil and fall armyworm. Transmisson of the transgene occurred normally to TI progeny. All plants showed phenotypically normal growth, with fertile flowers and abundant seeds.
Results relating to figure:
Twenty self-fertilised seeds, all descendents from the T0-34 line, were sown in the greenhouse, and leaves of plants were used in PCR assays in order to estimate cry1Ia gene inheritance by descendents. Seventeen plants showed expected amplicons in the T1 generation (Fig. 7), exhibiting a segregating ratio consistent Mendel’s laws (3:1; ?2 =0.39, df=1, P =0.47), and indigration of the transgene at a single locus. During the development, all plants showed phenotypically normal growth, with fertile
flowers and boll yields similar to BRS 293 (non-transformed plant). Some agronomical traits are given in table 4. Although no fibre traits were evaluated, no pleiotropic effect resulting from insertion of cry1Ia was identified in the T1 lines, at least for the traits recorded.
Transcribed Image Text:Table 4.
T1 line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
11
12
14
15
16
18
19
20
21
T1 meanb
BRS 293
Agronomic traits recorded in T1 lines during the growth cycle in the greenhouse
Height (cm)
Blooming (dae)
Boll number
Boll weight (g)
78 75 74 75 7 78 75 74 79 78 78675767876 75
77
76.3(+1.6)
77.2(+1.3)
55
55
56
56
55
56
57
56
57
56
57
56
58
56
57
58
58
56.4(+1.0)
56.1(+1.1)
15
15
13
15
14
14
15
15
16
15
16
15
16
15
15
14
14
14.8(+0.8)
15.2(+0.8)
a Data obtained from three repetitions by nuclear magnetic resonance.
b Standard deviations of the mean are given in parentheses.
Means of ten plants.
21.98
21.87
22.11
22.56
22.35
21.96
21.87
22.03
22.35
22.15
21.99
22.12
22.21
21.95
22.42
21.85
22.05
22.1(+0.2)
22.3(+0.3)
Seed oilª (%)
19.7
19.8
20.1
20.6
20.2
21.2
20.5
21.5
20.7
20.5
19.8
19.9
21.0
21.1
20.5
20.4
19.7
2.4(+0.5)
20.3(+0.7)
Open boll weight (g)
5.6
5.8
5.6
5.8
6.1
5.9
6.1
6.2
5.9
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.1
5.8(+0.2)
5.7(+0.2)
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