Use the information provided in the experiment below to annotate/ label the figure. Background: Boll weevil is a serious pest of cotton crop. Effective control involves applications of chemical insecticides, increasing the cost of production and environmental pollution. The current genetically modified Bt crops have allowed great benefits to farmers but show activity limited to lepidopteran pests. This work reports on procedures adopted for integration and expression of a cry transgene conferring resistance to boll weevil and fall armyworm by using molecular tools. Four Brazilian cotton cultivars were microinjected with a minimal linear cassette generating 1248 putative lines. Complete gene integration was found in only one line (TO-34) containing one copy of crylla detected by Southern blot. Protein was expressed in high concentration at 45 days after emergence (dae), decreasing by approximately 50% at 90 dae. Toxicity of the cry protein was demonstrated in feeding bioassays revealing 56.7% mortality to boll weevil fed buds and 88.1% mortality to fall armyworm fed leaves. A binding of crylla antibody was found in the midgut of boll weevils fed on TO-34 buds in an immunodetection assay. The gene introduced into plants confers resistance to boll weevil and fall armyworm. Transmission of the transgene occurred normally to TI progeny. All plants showed phenotypically normal growth, with fertile flowers and abundant seeds. Results relating to figure: Based on the number of copies of the gene detected in the Southern blot, a battery of ELISA assays was carried out in order to estimate the concentration of Cry1Ia protein in leaves of T0-34 during three growth periods. A positive control (Bollgard I) was used as the expression reference. As can be seen in Table 2, the patterns of protein (μg g−1 dry weight) in T0-34 and Bollgard I were similar during the periods evaluated, showing peak expression at 45 dae (2.7 μg g−1 dry weight) and decreasing by approximately 50% at 90 dae.
Use the information provided in the experiment below to annotate/ label the figure. Background: Boll weevil is a serious pest of cotton crop. Effective control involves applications of chemical insecticides, increasing the cost of production and environmental pollution. The current genetically modified Bt crops have allowed great benefits to farmers but show activity limited to lepidopteran pests. This work reports on procedures adopted for integration and expression of a cry transgene conferring resistance to boll weevil and fall armyworm by using molecular tools. Four Brazilian cotton cultivars were microinjected with a minimal linear cassette generating 1248 putative lines. Complete gene integration was found in only one line (TO-34) containing one copy of crylla detected by Southern blot. Protein was expressed in high concentration at 45 days after emergence (dae), decreasing by approximately 50% at 90 dae. Toxicity of the cry protein was demonstrated in feeding bioassays revealing 56.7% mortality to boll weevil fed buds and 88.1% mortality to fall armyworm fed leaves. A binding of crylla antibody was found in the midgut of boll weevils fed on TO-34 buds in an immunodetection assay. The gene introduced into plants confers resistance to boll weevil and fall armyworm. Transmission of the transgene occurred normally to TI progeny. All plants showed phenotypically normal growth, with fertile flowers and abundant seeds. Results relating to figure: Based on the number of copies of the gene detected in the Southern blot, a battery of ELISA assays was carried out in order to estimate the concentration of Cry1Ia protein in leaves of T0-34 during three growth periods. A positive control (Bollgard I) was used as the expression reference. As can be seen in Table 2, the patterns of protein (μg g−1 dry weight) in T0-34 and Bollgard I were similar during the periods evaluated, showing peak expression at 45 dae (2.7 μg g−1 dry weight) and decreasing by approximately 50% at 90 dae.
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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
Question
Use the information provided in the experiment below to annotate/ label the figure.
Background: Boll weevil is a serious pest of cotton crop. Effective control involves applications of chemical insecticides, increasing the cost of production and environmental pollution. The current genetically modified Bt crops have allowed great
benefits to farmers but show activity limited to lepidopteran pests. This work reports on procedures adopted for integration and expression of a cry transgene conferring resistance to boll weevil and fall armyworm by using molecular tools.
Four Brazilian cotton cultivars were microinjected with a minimal linear cassette generating 1248 putative lines.
Complete gene integration was found in only one line (TO-34) containing one copy of crylla detected by Southern blot. Protein was expressed in high concentration at 45 days after emergence (dae), decreasing by approximately 50% at 90 dae. Toxicity of the cry protein was demonstrated in feeding bioassays revealing 56.7% mortality to boll weevil fed buds and 88.1% mortality to fall armyworm fed leaves. A binding of crylla antibody was found in the midgut of boll weevils fed on TO-34 buds in an immunodetection assay.
The gene introduced into plants confers resistance to boll weevil and fall armyworm. Transmission of the transgene occurred normally to TI progeny. All plants showed phenotypically normal growth, with fertile flowers and abundant seeds.
Results relating to figure:
Based on the number of copies of the gene detected in the Southern blot, a battery of ELISA assays was carried out in order to estimate the concentration of Cry1Ia protein in leaves of T0-34 during three growth periods. A positive control (Bollgard I) was used as the expression reference. As can be seen in Table 2, the patterns of protein (μg g−1 dry weight) in T0-34 and Bollgard I were
similar during the periods evaluated, showing peak expression at 45 dae (2.7 μg g−1 dry weight) and decreasing by approximately
50% at 90 dae.
Transcribed Image Text:Table 2. Cry1la concentrations (µg g-¹ dry weight) in cotton leaves
from non-transformed (BRS 293), TO-34 and Bollgard I genotypes,
estimated by indirect ELISA, during three phenological periods
Concentrationa
60 dae
Genotypes
TO-34
Bollgard I
Control (BRS 293)
45 dae
2.7(+0.61) aA
2.9(+0.58) aA
0.8(+0.32) BA
1.9(+0.71) aB
1.9(+0.68) aB
0.6(+0.26) BA
90 dae
1.4(+0.59) aC
1.5(+0.61) aC
0.6(+0.24) ba
a Means followed by the same letter are not significantly differ-
ent (P<0.05; Scott-Knott test). Upper-case letters compare periods;
lower-case letters compare genotypes. Standard deviations of the
mean are given in parentheses.
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