There are three broad categories of cancer-related genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair/stability genes. Distinguish between these three groups, then indicate which you think RB1 belongs to.
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to…
A: The repeated and uncontrollable division of cells forms a large mass called the tumor. Tumors might…
Q: Changes affecting tumor suppressors generally require _____ alleles to be affected in order to…
A: Introduction : A protein that acts to inhibit cell division and keep it under control is encoded by…
Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give some examples of the…
A: Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival are under the control of some critical…
Q: what category of cancer-related genes is it possible to find inherited variants that are associated…
A: Answer is option 3.
Q: The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the…
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid, abbreviated as DNA, is a double-helix made-up of nucleic acids. Its role in…
Q: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair. If DNA can not be repaired,…
A: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene 1) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene 2) are genes that make proteins that aid…
Q: Describe three popular methods for silencing tumor-suppressor genes.
A: Introduction Tumor suppressor genes are those that slow down the division and development of cells.…
Q: Although tobacco smoking is responsible for a large number of human cancers, not all smokers develop…
A: Cancer refers to the uncontrolled cell division caused by the mutations in the genes which control…
Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressorgene? Give two examples of each…
A: Cancer is defined as the biological disorder in which the cells undergo uncontrolled growth and cell…
Q: Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
A: Oncogenes are those genes that have the potential to cause cancer. These genes are often mutated or…
Q: Describe the differences between point mutations, chromosomal translocations, and gene amplification…
A: Cancer is a disease that is associated with the uncontrolled division of cells and invasion of…
Q: Some cancers are consistently associated with the deletion of a particularpart of a chromosome. Does…
A: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that encode for proteins required for the promotion of cell cycle.…
Q: Most inherited forms of cancer involve _______________ and these individuals are for the mutation.…
A: Firstly we can examine what each of the terms given represents. 1. Tumor suppressor gene: It is a…
Q: Unlike many other diseases, the vast majority of cancers in humans are not transmissible - meaning a…
A: Cancer is "referred" to as any abnormal growth of cell tissue. Cancer can develop anywhere in the…
Q: An individual can inherit a gene in which expression has been altered by an ________ change with no…
A:
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…
A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…
Q: Mutations in proto-oncogenes that turn them into oncogenes tend to be dominant, while cancer-causing…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that suppress the formation of tumors in the cells or tissues…
Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…
Q: Explain the difference between proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor mutations in terms of its…
A: Cancer is a medical condition that is characterized by the growth of tumors in the body of an…
Q: Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, Bcl-2,…
A: Proto-oncogene is a normal gene which have many different functions in the cell, like providing…
Q: Of the following choices a loss of function mutation would most lukely contribute to cancer onset if…
A: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to external…
Q: Part A. Gene Q's normal function is to cause apoptosis (cell death) for cells that have chromosome…
A: Cancer in simple term can be referred to a set of diseases which are caused by the production of an…
Q: What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene? How can mutations in…
A: Proto-oncogenes are normally switched off. But when they get activated they cause tumors. On the…
Q: Genetic instability in the form of point mutations, chromosome rearrangements, and epigenetic…
A: A mutation is a form of alteration in which a single change changes a nucleotide of nucleic acid. It…
Q: Apart from p53, mention and describe the function of three tumor suppressor genes you know
A: The cancer related genes can be divided into two broad categories like the proto-oncogenes and tumor…
Q: during tumor progression, additional mutations occur within multiple cells of a tumor population,…
A: Tumor progression is a phase of tumor development which is characterized by increased growth speed…
Q: What were the key findings after modeling cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem…
A: The genetic information can be stored in the form of DNA, which may be converted into functional…
Q: Genetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor-suppressor genes are widely…
A: Answer: Introduction: The genes like the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) genes…
Q: Relatively few inherited forms of cancer involve the inheritance of mutant oncogenes. Instead, most…
A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…
Q: Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict…
A: Oncogene is a gene that is responsible for the formation of cancer cells in the body. Mostly the…
Q: The protein that ensures the fidelity of DNA replication is the a. tumor repressor P53 protein. b.…
A: The capacity of polymerase to prevent or rectify mistakes in the newly synthesized DNA strand is…
Q: Do mutations that cause cancer in an individual pass down to his/her offspring? What is the role of…
A: Cancer is the umbrella term for a group of diseases. Any of the body's cells begin to divide without…
Q: Compare and contrast oncogenes versus tumor-suppressorgenes.
A: Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can be treated by chemotherapy and…
Q: If a particular proto-oncogene has been altered by mutation into an oncogene such that it is…
A: Proto oncogenes are the genes which are inactivated in normal cell but when they get activated, it…
Q: RCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene. BRCA1* is the symbol for the non-mutant or wild-type form of the…
A: BRCA1 mutations are also linked to a higher risk of triple-negative breast cancer, which is a very…
Q: Which of the following is an enabling characteristic for cancer that can increase the likelihood of…
A: The somatic mutations in the genome of a cancer cell, irrespective of their structural nature, can…
Q: Cellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called…
A: From the above information, we can make the following inferences - 1. p53, as indicated in the…
Q: Can you match the type of mutations that can occur from the selected below? a. either…
A: When the nucleotides sequences in the genome of an organism are altered or changed due to mistakes…
Q: Most inherited forms of cancer show a dominant pattern of inheritance in a pedigree. An example is a…
A: BRCA-1 gene is associated with breast cancer which is located on the chromosome-17. This gene was…
Q: Some cancers have been treated with drugs that demethylate DNA.Explain how these drugs might work.…
A: Cancer is a disease that is associated with genetic changes. The mutations in the oncogenes and…
Q: Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene.
A: Cancer is the state of uncontrolled cell division.
Q: Discuss the challenges of producing anticancer drugs that counteract the effects of mutations in…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that decline the cell division process, acts in programmed cell…
There are three broad categories of cancer-related genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA
repair/stability genes. Distinguish between these three groups, then indicate which you think RB1 belongs to.
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- Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict whether a gene potentially encodes for a protein that influences carcinogenesis by examining their mutational profile. You sequence the genome of 4 cancers and identify 3 genes of interest. Which of the following genes has the best potential to an oncogene? Tumor 1 Tumor 2 Tumor 3 Tumor 4 Gene A S24F, N465T R33T T345S, G366R P367E, P368Y Gene B S34R, F360I S34R V254I S34E, T67Y Gene C S24F, I322E C255I, E344D S34E, P367ECellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called Mdm2. Over expression of Mdm2 destabilizes p53. Another protein p19ARF inhibits the activity of Mdm2, thus stabilizing p53. Loss of p19ARF function converts normal cells into cancer cells With the above information, which of the following statements are true? Mdm2 is a tumor suppressor gene but p19ARF is an oncogene Both Mdm2 & P19ARF are oncogenes Both Mdm2 & P19ARF are tumor suppressor genes O Mdm2 is an oncogene but p19ARF is a tumor suppressor geneIn what category of cancer-related genes is it possible to find inherited variants that are associated with cancer? Why? Group of answer choices 1. Tumor suppressor genes, because genes in this category are very important in the process of developing cancer. 2. Proto-oncogenes, because individuals who carry only one cancer-causing allele will have a wildtype phenotype. 3. Proto-oncogenes, because there are very few genes in this category, so mutations in them are rare. 4. Tumor suppressor genes, because individuals who carry only one cancer-causing allele will have a wildtype phenotype.
- Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes undergo gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations? Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, BCL-2, JUN, MDM2, and p16.Genetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor-suppressor genes are widely available. These tests reveal a number of mutations in these genes—mutations that have been linked to familial breast cancer. Assume that a young woman in a suspected breast cancer family takes the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic tests and receives negative results. That is, she does not test positive for the mutant alleles of BRCA1 or BRCA2. Can she consider herself free of risk for breast cancer?D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…
- Genetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 oncogenes are widely available. These tests reveal a number of mutations in these genes—mutations that have been linked to familial breast cancer. Assume that a young woman in a suspected breast cancer family takes the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic tests and receives negative results. That is, she does not test positive for the mutant alleles of BRCA1 or BRCA2. Can she consider herself free of risk for breast cancer?Which of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited predisposition to cancer such as familial adenomatous polyposis or BRCA-associated familial breast cancer? Choose all that apply a) If they get malignant cancer, somatic mutations will not have been a factor b) Their cancer will most likely arise in their germ cells, not their somatic cells c) None of the answers effectively describes the situation d) Every cell of their body contains a gain-of-function allele of an oncogene e) Most cells in their body contain multiple cancer-causing mutations f) Every cell of their body contains a defective, loss-of-function allele of a tumor suppressor gened)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.
- D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…The C-myc gene is a proto-oncogene which is highly expressed in breast tissue and appears to cause proliferation of breast tissue and its elevated expression is associated with breast cancer. Based just on the ChIP data from the previous questions (also shown below), which of the three drugs (estrogen, tamoxifen and raloxifene) would you recommend for treating breast cancer? Justify your response and explain the potential side effects of each drug.1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.