The speed of the material ejected in a supernova can be measured by using the Doppler shift of the X-ray emission lines in its spectrum. The images above show real X ray data of the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant and a spectrum extracted from that data--you can see several emission lines including the silicon line near 6.6 angstroms (0.66 nm). If the emission line created by silicon normally has a wavelength of 0.6648 nm (nanometers), but is measured in the spectrum to have a wavelength of 0.6611 nm, how fast is the gas moving? km/s (be sure to convert your answer to kilometers!) (Enter a positive value-if you get a negative answer ignore the minus sign.)
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- . The radius of the nebula is about 0.401 light-years. The gas is expanding away from the star at a rate of about 37 kilometers/second . Considering that distance = velocity x time, calculate how long ago the gas left the star if its speed has been constant the whole time. Make sure you use consistent units for time, speed, and distance. Answer in years.If an X-ray binary consists of a 16 solar mass star and a neutron Star orbiting each other every 15.4 days, what is their average separation? (Hint: Use the version of Keller's third law for binary stars, Ma + Mb = a^3 /p^2 ; make sure you express quantities in unites of AU, solar masses, and years. Assume the mass of a neutron Star is 1.6 solar masses.) ___________ AUHow much energy would be released if a star with a mass of 25 Msun and a radius of 10 Rsun detonates as a supernova explosion in 1 second? (Hint: think about the definition of binding energy). Express your answer in terms of solar luminosities.
- A)The star 58 Eridani is a feint but naked-eye star similar to the Sun. Suppose that you are observing this star in the night sky without a telescope. Ignoring any interstellar extinction or atmospheric absorption, approximately how many photons per second arrive at your retina? Show all steps in calculation . B) The Mid-infared Instrument (MIRI , camera and spectrograph ) on the James Webb Space Telescope operates in the band 5-28 µm . For 58 Eridani , approximatley how many photons per second can be used by this instrument ? Assume that MIRI takes all the photons from the full JWST mirror . Show all steps in calcultation . Describe breifly two or three other factors which play a role in determining the sensetivitu of an instrument such as MIRI ?Why are Cepheid variables important? O Cepheids variables are pulsating stars whose pulsation periods are directly related to their true luminosities. Therefore they can be used as distance indicators. O Cepheids variables are supermassive stars that are on the verge of becoming supernovae. Therefore they allow us to choose candidates to watch if we hope to observe a supernova. O Cepheid variables are stars that vary in brightness because they harbor a black hole. Therefore, they provide direct evidence for black holes. O Cepheids variables are a type of irregular galaxy, much more common in the early universe. Therefore they help to understand how galaxies formed.A supernova’s energy is often compared to the total energy output of the Sun over its lifetime. Using the Sun’s current luminosity, calculate the total solar energy output, assuming a 1010 year main-sequence lifetime. Using Einstein’s formula E=mc2 calculate the equivalent amount of mass, expressed in Earth masses. [Hint: The total energy output of the Sun over its lifetime is given by its current luminosity times the number of seconds in a year times its ten billion-year lifetime; ; mass of earth = 6×1024kg; c = 3×108m/s. Your answer should be 200-300 Earth masses.]
- if a star is converted every bit of its mass. into energy the conversion efficiency would be 100%. however no star is this efficient in its energy production stars with less than 1.3 solar masses convert hydrogen into helium with an efficiency of only 0.7%. besring in mind that aldebaram has a mass of 2.32*10^30 kg. how long will it live if it converts all of its hydrogen into helium with an efficiency of 0.7%. 1 year = 365.25 days. lifetime= yearsI need the answer as soon as possibleSuppose a protostar has a luminosity of 39,473 L⊙ and a surface temperature of 4,130 K (Kelvins). What is the radius of this protostar? [Enter your answer as a multiple of the Sun's radius. I.e., if you find R = 20 R⊙ , enter 20. This problem is easier if you start with the relevant equation and create a ratio using the Sun's values. Recall that the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K. ]
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