The F integration site detemines the order of gene transfer in Hfrs thr thr thi thr thi pro pro pro gly lac lac his pur his pur his pur gal gal th gy his gal pur lac pro thr lac pur gal his gl tN thr pro pro lac pur gal his gly hi th H the thi pro thi pro lac lac his pur hi pur ga gai H Fartity tactor I Origin (first to enter) I Terminus (last to enter) gal his gy th thr pro lac pur gly his gal pur lac pro thr thi 312 FIGURE 5-14 The five E. col Hir strains shown each have different F plasmid insertion points and orientations. All strains have the same order of genes on the E col chromosome. The orientation of the F factor determines which gene enters the recipient cell frst. The gene closest to Two types of DNA transfer can take place the teminus enters last.

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Bacterial Genomics

The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.

Transformation Experiment in Bacteria

In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.

Plasmids and Vectors

The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.