**Educational Website Text:**### Sequencing Chromatograms of Human Hemoglobin VariantsBelow are representations of sequencing chromatograms for different variants of the α chain of human hemoglobin. Your task is to match each variant with the corresponding amino acid change. Use the codon table to decode each amino acid sequence. As an example, the first triplet encodes for Val.#### Chromatograms:1. **Normal Variant** - The chromatogram is depicted as a series of colored peaks representing nucleotides: green for ddATP, blue for ddCTP, red for ddTTP, and orange for ddGTP.2. **Karachi Variant** - The chromatogram shows a similar pattern of peaks with potential differences highlighting specific nucleotide changes from the normal sequence.3. **Chongqing Variant** - This chromatogram displays another set of peaks with alterations that are suggestive of sequence variations unique to this variant.4. **Swan River Variant** - Like the previous chromatograms, this one depicts peaks representing nucleotides, indicating possible mutations in the sequence.#### Answer Bank:To find the corresponding amino acid changes, analyze the chromatograms, and use the following choices:- Pro to Thr- Leu to Arg- Asp to Gly- Pro to Ala- Asp to Asn- Gly to Asp- Ala to Pro- Arg to Leu- Arg to ValEach variant corresponds to one of these changes. Utilize the codon table to identify the correct amino acid change from the nucleotide sequence visualized in the chromatograms.

The sequencig chromatograms given in question are generated as we conduct Automated DNA sequencing…

Answered: Representations of sequencing…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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a protein with a molar mass of 3800 g/mol is given. determine the number of nucleotides contained in the gene that encoded this protein, knowing that: 20% of it are introns, the mass of a nucleotide is 300 g/mol and the mass of an amino acid is 110 g/mol
From the results of your BLAST search you can link to the GENE entry for one of your top hits. This link is located under the “Related Information” heading at the right hand side of each displayed alignment (i.e. scroll down to the“Alignments” section). Q1: How many exons and introns are annotated for this gene? Q2: What is the function of the encoded protein?
A Sanger product of the sequencing of a template DNA is presented below. It is the polymorphic peptide sequence of Protein Ser-Gly-Lys-Glu-Gly-Lys-Lys. Determine the sequence of template DNA and the mRNA sequence from this template DNA. Briefly explain.
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Identify the open reading frame for the following sequence: CACAGCCTACTAATGGTGTTGGCTAT Note: When I first attempted this question I identified the open reading frame as starting from ATG. However I was told that my reading frame was wrong and that the frame should include an asparagine group but how it that possible?
A protein has the following amino acid sequence: Met-Tyr-Asn-Val-Arg-Val-Tyr-Lys-Ala-Lys-Trp-Leu-Ile-His-Thr-Pro You wish to make a set of probes to screen a cDNA library for the sequence that encodes this protein. Your probes should be at least 18 nucleotides in length. a. Which amino acids in the protein should be used to construct the probes so that the least degeneracy results? b. How many different probes must be synthesized to be certain that you will find the cDNA sequence that specifies the protein?
For the following sequence please design an 18 base pair forward primer. ATGGCTGATAAGATAGAGAGGCATACTTTCAAGGTCTTCAATCAAGATTTCGAAAAAGAGCTGGAGTTTGGATTAGATAGAAAATATTTTTAG
Neurospora crassa can synthesize the amino acid arginine from a precursor as follows: precursor ornithine citrulline arginine George Beadle and Edward Tatum identified various mutants (arg mutants) unable to synthesize arginine from this precursor. One such class (Class I) could synthesize arginine if either ornithine or citrulline was supplied. A second mutant class (Class II) could synthesize arginine if citrulline was added, but not if ornithine was added. A third class (Class III) could not synthesize arginine from either ornithine or citrulline. Which class or classes of arg mutants will grow on complete media?
Neurospora crassa can synthesize the amino acid arginine from a precursor as follows: precursor ornithine - citrulline arginine George Beadle and Edward Tatum identified various mutants (arg mutants) unable to synthesize arginine from this precursor. One such class (Class I) could synthesize arginine if either ornithine or citrulline was supplied. A second mutant class (Class II) could synthesize arginine if citrulline was added, but not if ornithine was added. A third class (Class II) could not synthesize arginine from either ornithine or citrulline. Which class or classes of arg mutants LACK a functional enzyme able to convert ornithine into citrulline?
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The human RefSeq of the entire first exon of a geneinvolved in Brugada syndrome (a cardiac disordercharacterized by an abnormal electrocardiogram andan increased risk of sudden heart failure) is:5′ CAACGCTTAGGATGTGCGGAGCCT 3′The genomic DNA of four people (1–4), three ofwhom have the disorder, was subjected to singlemolecule sequencing. The following sequences represent all those obtained from each person. Nucleotidesdifferent from the RefSeq are underlined. Individual 1:5′ CAACGCTTAGGATGTGCGGAGCCT 3′and5′ CAACGCTTAGGATGTGCGGAGACT 3′Individual 2:5′ CAACGCTTAGGATGTGAGGAGCCT 3′Individual 3:5′ CAACGCTTAGGATGTGCGGAGCCT 3′and5′ CAACGCTTAGGATGGCGGAGCCT 3′Individual 4:5′ CAACGCTTAGGATGTGCGGAGCCT 3′and5′ CAACGCTTAGGATGTGTGGAGCCT 3′a. The first exon of the RefSeq copy of this gene includes the start codon. Write as much of the aminoacid sequence of the encoded protein as possible,indicating the N-to-C polarity.b. Are any of these individuals homozygotes? If so,which person and what allele?c. Is…
The mRNA sequence 5' AUG AAA CAG GGA UAA 3' encodes a particular peptide of interest to your research team. You have identified a new alternate allele of the sequence 5' AUG AAG CAG GGA UAA 3'. What type of mutation does this alternate sequence illustrate?

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