Problem 5: Investigating Adversarial Robustness in Deep Learning Models for Autonomous Driving Background: Deep learning models used in autonomous driving systems are susceptible to adversarial attacks, which can compromise safety by causing the system to make incorrect decisions. Ensuring robustness against such attacks is critical for the reliability of autonomous vehicles. Task: Conduct an in-depth investigation into the adversarial robustness of deep learning models deployed in autonomous driving applications. Your study should encompass the following aspects: 1. Threat Modeling: Define potential adversarial attack vectors specific to autonomous driving (e.g.. perturbations in camera images, sensor spoofing). . Categorize attacks based on their capabilities (eg, white-box vs. black-box, targeted vs. untargeted). 2. Model Selection and Baseline Performance: . • Select state-of-the-art deep learning models used in autonomous driving tasks (e.g., object detection, lane keeping). Evaluate and report their baseline performance on standard datasets (e.g., KITTI, Cityscapes). 3. Adversarial Attack Implementation: . Implement several adversarial attack methods relevant to autonomous driving, such as: . Physical Adversarial Examples: Perturbations that can be applied to real-world objects (eg, stop signs). Sensor-based Attacks: Manipulations targeting LIDAR or radar inputs. Demonstrate how these attacks can deceive the selected models. 4. Defense Mechanisms . . . . Explore and implement defense strategies to enhance model robustness, including: Adversarial Training: Incorporate adversarial examples into the training process. Input Preprocessing: Apply techniques like input denoising or feature squeezing. Model Architecture Modifications: Design architectures inherently more resistant to adversarial perturbations. Compare the effectiveness of different defense mechanisms against the implemented attacks 5. Robustness Evaluation: . Develop a comprehensive evaluation framework to assess model robustness, considering metrics like robustness accuracy, attack success rate, and computational overhead. . Conduct experiments to quantify the improvement in robustness provided by each defense method. 6. Real-World Considerations: . Analyze the feasibility of deploying robust models in real-world autonomous driving systems, considering factors like latency, computational resources, and adaptability to dynamic environments • Discuss potential trade-offs between robustness and other performance metrics. 7. Recommendations and Future Work: . Provide recommendations for improving adversarial robustness in autonomous driving models based on your findings. Identify open challenges and propose directions for future research.