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Practice Question 8 Below are two cell signallin ultimately the size of organs in pathways has been associatec

Practice Question 8 Below are two cell signallin ultimately the size of organs in pathways has been associatec

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Practice Question 8 - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. MTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. crosstalk Hippo Pathway 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. MTOR Pathway 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits theTSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. Mst PI3K PTEN Lats АКТ 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag- Ragulator complex. miR-29 YAP TSC2-TSC1 amino acids Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. Rheb cell division Rag-Ragulator MTORC1 organ size 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in turn downregulates PTEN, an inhibitor of PI(3)K and Akt. So, the two pathways crosstalk and coordinate cell number and growth. cell growth Created in BioRender.com a) The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is a reversible reaction as shown below. The AG for the reaction is +30.5 kJ/mol. AG = + 30.5 kJ/mol GTP + H2O GDP + Pi Draw the reaction tracing of the forward catalyzed AND uncatalyzed reactions on the graph below. Label the reactants and the products, indicate the overall free energy change, and activation energy (EA) of the reaction.
Transcribed Image Text:Practice Question 8 - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. MTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. crosstalk Hippo Pathway 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. MTOR Pathway 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits theTSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. Mst PI3K PTEN Lats АКТ 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag- Ragulator complex. miR-29 YAP TSC2-TSC1 amino acids Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. Rheb cell division Rag-Ragulator MTORC1 organ size 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in turn downregulates PTEN, an inhibitor of PI(3)K and Akt. So, the two pathways crosstalk and coordinate cell number and growth. cell growth Created in BioRender.com a) The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is a reversible reaction as shown below. The AG for the reaction is +30.5 kJ/mol. AG = + 30.5 kJ/mol GTP + H2O GDP + Pi Draw the reaction tracing of the forward catalyzed AND uncatalyzed reactions on the graph below. Label the reactants and the products, indicate the overall free energy change, and activation energy (EA) of the reaction.
100 10 Reaction Progress Free Energy (kJ/mol)
Transcribed Image Text:100 10 Reaction Progress Free Energy (kJ/mol)
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