Evidence Question #5 1. Cholesterol is abundant in the plasma membrane. Would you expect cholesterol to flip between the two leaflets of the membrane faster than phospholipids, or slower, or at the same rate? Explain. 3. Many neurons contain "delayed" voltage-gated K+ channels. Compared to voltage- gated Na+ channels, the voltage-gated K+ channels respond more slowly to changes in membrane potential. When the voltage-gated K+ channels are open, they make the plasma membrane even more permeable to K+. a) Why does neuronal function require the voltage-gated K+ channels to open more slowly than the voltage-gated Na+ channels? b) How would you expect the voltage-gated K+ channels to affect the shape of the action potential? 3. Mitochondrial DNA encodes key proteins of the electron transport system in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Certain yeast strains carry mitochondrial DNA mutations that selectively inactivate the electron transport system, but these mutant cells are viable when grown in the presence of glucose. a) How do yeast cells lacking the electron transport system make ATP? b) Yeast cells lacking the electron transport system still have a weak membrane potential across the mitochondrial inner membrane. How do these cells generate a membrane potential?

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.