The membrane capacitance of a cell is 1 µF/cm² and the concentration of ions inside and outside of the cell is about 0.5 M. Calculate the fraction of uncompensated ions on each side of the membrane required to produce 100 mV in a spherical cell with a radius of 25 μm. Capacitance of 1 µF/cm² => 10-6 uncompensated Coulombs of charge are eede on each side of a cm² membrane to produce 1 V across membrane. e = charge on electron = 1.6 x 10-19 C, Avogadro's number = 6.02 x 1023

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Industrial processes result in the manufacturing of products (biological products, such as enzymes, medicine) on a large scale using different methods, such as physical and chemical procedures. Few products such as pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, food items, etc., involve microbes and their enzymes. Such processes are termed industrial biological processes. Microbiology and biotechnology enable us to utilize the ability of microorganisms to produce enzymes, primary metabolites, and secondary metabolites, which in turn help to produce the desired products.