During the summer of 1988, fires burned much of Yellowstone National Park, leaving a patchwork of burned and unburned areas. In the year following the fires, wildflowers sprouted in all the burned areas, closely followed in subsequent years byseedlings of the trees that normally grow in the area, such as aspens and lodgepole pines.What changes in the ecosystem will take place during secondary succession?The trees will not grow well because of the toxic chemicals produced by the flowers and the ashes of the fireThe flowers will shade out the small trees creating a permanent meadowThe flowers will deplete the soil of nutrients and the area will become a desertThe flowers will be replaced by shrubs, the shrubs will be replaced by trees, until eventually the area resembles the unburned areas Mutations in DNA may or may not result in a change in the phenotype of an organism. In which of the following situations will a mutation appear in the phenotype of an individual?The mutation occurs in an organism which is past reproductive ageThe genetic code for protein synthesis has not been altered in a gamete producing cellThe mutation occurs in a body cell of the organism, resulting in cancerO The mutation results in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein in a gamete producing cell

Ecological succession can be defined as the gradual progressive accumulation of changes in the…

Mutations in DNA may or may not result in a change in the phenotype of an organism. In which of the following situations will a mutation appear in the phenotype of an individual? O The mutation occurs in an organism which is past reproductive age O The genetic code for protein synthesis has not been altered in a gamete producing cell O The mutation occurs in a body cell of the organism, resulting in cancer O The mutation results in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein in a gamete producing cell

Mutations in DNA may or may not result in a change in the phenotype of an organism. In which of the following situations will a mutation appear in the phenotype of an individual? O The mutation occurs in an organism which is past reproductive age O The genetic code for protein synthesis has not been altered in a gamete producing cell O The mutation occurs in a body cell of the organism, resulting in cancer O The mutation results in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein in a gamete producing cell

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter15: Genomes And Genomics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 12QP: One unexpected result of the sequencing of the human genome was the finding that mutations in a...

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Two genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2, were discovered in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and shortly thereafter, were patented by Myriad Genetics, a company based in Utah. Under the patents, testing for mutations in these genes could only be performed by Myriad, at costs from 300 to 3,000. Myriad also patented the process of analyzing the results of such tests, preventing anyone who obtains the sequence of their BRCA genes by other means (which itself would probably be patent infringement) from interpreting the information. The idea that genes can be patented has been a contentious issue from the beginning. Patents are not granted for products of nature, meaning that genes inside the body are not patentable, but biotech companies successfully argued that by removing a gene from the human body, purifying it, and then obtaining its DNA sequence, they created something not found in nature, and which is therefore a patentable invention. The U.S. Patent Office found the argument persuasive, but opponents argue that genes are parts of our bodies and can be identified but not invented. Biotech companies argue that without the protection offered by patents, they would have no incentive for research and development of diagnostic tests. In Europe, patents for BRCA1 and BRCA2 were revoked in 2004 because they did not meet the standards for a patent. After more than a decade of legal disputes, the patents were partially restored in 2008 on a very restricted basis. In the United States, a lawsuit, focused on the patents for the BRCA genes, was filed in May 2009. The suit challenges the basic idea that genes are patentable. In November 2009, the judge ruled that the lawsuit can proceed, and the case is moving forward. In March 2010, a federal court invalidated Myriad Genetics patent on these genes. In August 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the lower courts decision and ruled that gene sequences isolated from cells are not a product of nature and are therefore patentable. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ordered the appeals court to reconsider the case. The Federal Appeals Court did not change its decision, and the case once again, went to the U.S. Supreme Court. A unanimous decision in June 2013 invalidated Myriads patents on the basis that isolating a gene from nature does not make it patentable. This is a landmark decision on gene patenting with widespread ramifications for the biotechnoloogy industry. Will this decision reduce the incentives for companies to invest in new diagnostic tests that would be used by cancer victims or those with serious genetic disorders?
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