MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs approximately 19-25 nucleotides in length that bind to mRNAs. Numerous protein-encoding genes are regulated by miRNAs, including those involved in the immune response. Research has shown that rejection of transplanted organs is associated with alterations in the expression of various genes. To determine whether a link exists between miRNA expression patterns and organ rejection, a team of scientists performed the following set of experiments. Experiment 1 MicroRNA levels were measured in the biopsy specimens of patients with normal transplanted kidneys and patients with kidneys that showed histologic features of acute rejection (AR). MicroRNA sequences are shown in Table 1. Table 1 miRNA levels Normalized miRNA Sequence miR-142-5p 5'-CAUAAAGUAGAAAGCACUACU-3' miR-155 5'-UUAAUGCUAAUCGUGAUAGGGGU-3' Nucleotide Sequences for Mature miRNAs miRNA miR-223 miR-10b 5'-UACCCUGUAGAACCGAAUUUGUG-3' let-7c miR-30a-3p 5'-CUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGC-3' 5'-UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU-3' The results for the miRNAs analyzed are shown in Figure 1. 1.6T 1.4+ 1.2+ 1.0+ 0.8+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.2+ 0- 5'-CGUGUAUUUGACAAGCUGAGUU-3' miR-155 miR-142-5p I normal transplant acute rejection altı miR-223 miR-10b miR-30a-3p let-7c Figure 1 Expression levels of miRNAs in biopsy specimens of normal and AR kidney transplants (Note: miRNA levels are normalized to the small nucleolar RNA RNU44; * indicates p < 0.05.) Of these miRNAs, miR-142-5p, miR-155, and miR-223 are highly expressed in normal lymphocytes and monocytes, whereas miR-30a-3p, miR-10b, and let-7c are highly expressed in normal human renal cells. Experiment 2 Using AR biopsy specimens, researchers measured the levels of CD3 (T cell) mRNA and CD20 (B cell) mRNA and determined that there was a positive correlation between these mRNA levels and the levels of miR- The association observed experimental miRNAs and mRNAs in AR kidney trans regulate the expression of genes implic response(s)? A. Adaptive immunity only OB. Humoral immunity only C. Innate and cell-mediated immu O D. Adaptive and innate immunity c
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs approximately 19-25 nucleotides in length that bind to mRNAs. Numerous protein-encoding genes are regulated by miRNAs, including those involved in the immune response. Research has shown that rejection of transplanted organs is associated with alterations in the expression of various genes. To determine whether a link exists between miRNA expression patterns and organ rejection, a team of scientists performed the following set of experiments. Experiment 1 MicroRNA levels were measured in the biopsy specimens of patients with normal transplanted kidneys and patients with kidneys that showed histologic features of acute rejection (AR). MicroRNA sequences are shown in Table 1. Table 1 miRNA levels Normalized miRNA Sequence miR-142-5p 5'-CAUAAAGUAGAAAGCACUACU-3' miR-155 5'-UUAAUGCUAAUCGUGAUAGGGGU-3' Nucleotide Sequences for Mature miRNAs miRNA miR-223 miR-10b 5'-UACCCUGUAGAACCGAAUUUGUG-3' let-7c miR-30a-3p 5'-CUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGC-3' 5'-UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU-3' The results for the miRNAs analyzed are shown in Figure 1. 1.6T 1.4+ 1.2+ 1.0+ 0.8+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.2+ 0- 5'-CGUGUAUUUGACAAGCUGAGUU-3' miR-155 miR-142-5p I normal transplant acute rejection altı miR-223 miR-10b miR-30a-3p let-7c Figure 1 Expression levels of miRNAs in biopsy specimens of normal and AR kidney transplants (Note: miRNA levels are normalized to the small nucleolar RNA RNU44; * indicates p < 0.05.) Of these miRNAs, miR-142-5p, miR-155, and miR-223 are highly expressed in normal lymphocytes and monocytes, whereas miR-30a-3p, miR-10b, and let-7c are highly expressed in normal human renal cells. Experiment 2 Using AR biopsy specimens, researchers measured the levels of CD3 (T cell) mRNA and CD20 (B cell) mRNA and determined that there was a positive correlation between these mRNA levels and the levels of miR- The association observed experimental miRNAs and mRNAs in AR kidney trans regulate the expression of genes implic response(s)? A. Adaptive immunity only OB. Humoral immunity only C. Innate and cell-mediated immu O D. Adaptive and innate immunity c
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Transcribed Image Text:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs
approximately 19-25 nucleotides in length that bind to mRNAs.
Numerous protein-encoding genes are regulated by miRNAs, including
those involved in the immune response. Research has shown that
rejection of transplanted organs is associated with alterations in the
expression of various genes. To determine whether a link exists between
miRNA expression patterns and organ rejection, a team of scientists
performed the following set of experiments.
Experiment 1
MicroRNA levels were measured in the biopsy specimens of patients
with normal transplanted kidneys and patients with kidneys that showed
histologic features of acute rejection (AR). MicroRNA sequences are
shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Normalized miRNA levels
miRNA
Sequence
miR-142-5p 5'-CAUAAAGUAGAAAGCACUACU-3'
miR-155 5'-UUAAUGCUAAUCGUGAUAGGGGU-3'
Nucleotide Sequences for Mature miRNAs
miR-223
miR-10b 5'-UACCCUGUAGAACCGAAUUUGUG-3'
let-7c
miR-30a-3p 5'-CUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGC-3'
1.6T
1.4+
1.2-
1.0
0.8+
0.6-
0.4-
0.2+
0-
5'-CGUGUAUUUGACAAGCUGAGUU-3'
The results for the miRNAs analyzed are shown in Figure 1.
miR-142-5p
5'-UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU-3'
miR-155
normal transplant
acute rejection
Figure 1
and AR kidney transplants
(Note: miRNA levels are normalized to the small nucleolar RNA RNU44; *
indicates p < 0.05.)
Expression levels of miRNAs in biopsy specimens of normal
miR-223
Denaturation (%)
miR-10b
of these miRNAs, miR-142-5p, miR-155, and miR-223 are highly
expressed in normal lymphocytes and monocytes, whereas miR-30a-3p,
miR-10b, and let-7c are highly expressed in normal human renal cells.
Experiment 2
Using AR biopsy specimens, researchers measured the levels of CD3
(T cell) mRNA and CD20 (B cell) mRNA and determined that there was a
positive correlation between these mRNA levels and the levels of miR-
142-5p, miR-155, and miR-223 but not with miR-10b, miR-30a-3p and let-
7c.
Experiment 3
Researchers evaluated the glomerular function of patients at the time
the biopsies were taken and observed a reduction in kidney function for
patients with AR transplants.
OA. high levels of miR-155
OB. low levels of let-7c.
miR-30a-3p
Based on Figure 1, which patient is LEAST likely to benefit from therapy with
immunosuppressors?
let-7c
A patient whose transplanted kidneys are associated with miRNA
expression patterns characterized by:
OC. high levels of miR-30a-3p.
OD. low levels of miR-10b.
50-
0
A graph of miRNA/RNA denaturation versus melting temperature is shown.
100T
OA miR-142-5p
OB. miR-223
о с. miR-10b
O D. miR-30a-3p
Increasing temperature (°C) -
The arrow in the graph indicates the curve representing the melting
temperature for which miRNA, assuming 100% base complementarity with
its target sequence?
Individual nucleotides within the backbone of the regulatory RNAs discussed
in the passage are held together by:
O A. disulfide bridges.
OB. phosphodiester linkages.
OC. hydrogen bonds.
OD. glycosidic linkages.
The association observed experimentally between the expression of
miRNAs and mRNAs in AR kidney transplants indicates that miRNAs
regulate the expression of genes implicated in which type(s) of immune
response(s)?
A. Adaptive immunity only
O B. Humoral immunity only
O C. Innate and cell-mediated immunity only
OD. Adaptive and innate immunity only
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