In prokaryotes, the promoter contains a -35 and -10 region upstream of the transcription start site. In prokaryotes, the promoter is recognized by general transcription factors (GTF), which recruit the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the promoter is located in the 5' direction, upstream from the transcription start site. In eukaryotes, the promoter recruits the preinitiation complex, which includes the TATA-binding protein. In eukaryotes, the promoter attracts the small and large ribosomal subunits with the help of initiation factors.

Q: For each of the following transcription factors, explain how eukaryotic transcriptional initiation…

A: A transcription factor is a sequence specific DNA-binding factor and upon binding to the DNA…

Q: Which one of the following amino acids is phosphorylated during the process of promoter clearance by…

A: In eukaryotes RNA Polymerase II is responsible for the synthesis of mRNA. The largest subunit of Pol…

Q: Although initiation requires the sigma factor or sigma subunit be associated with the core RNA…

A: Transcription is a process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as template. Transcription occurs…

Q: The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is much larger than a bacterium, and it contains much more DNA. As…

A: Gene transcription and its regulation in prokaryotics is much simpler. But the eukaryotic Gene…

Q: How were bacterial promoters first identified?  Discuss their placement within the gene and roles in…

A: Introduction :- The holoenzyme is a large molecular complex composed of RNA polymerase and…

Q: Which of the following statements about "Focused transcription initiation", "Dispersed transcription…

A: Transcription is the process by which the DNA sequence is "transcribed" into RNA sequence. It is the…

Q: Consider the Rho-dependent terminator sequence 5’CCCAGCCCGCCUAAUGAGCGGCCUUUUUUUU-3’. What affect…

A: The mutation is the change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA. The point mutation is the mutation…

Q: Some poisonous mushrooms in the genus Amanita have been mistaken for edible species. The names given…

A: Amanita contains powerful toxins that inhibit RNA polymerase II resulting in deficient protein…

Q: Mutations in bacterial promoters may increase or decrease the rate of gene transcription. Promoter…

A: Introduction Promoter are the consensus sequences found either upstream or partially downstream of…

Q: Liquid condensates may be a useful physico-chemical property of the overall transcription reaction.…

A: Liquid condensates or biomolecular condensates are dynamic, micron-scale compartments in eukaryotic…

Q: sRNA acts as a marker, flagging the inhibitory protein for ubiquitination and allowing translation…

A: Proteins are synthesized by the process of translation and are modified after post-translational…

Q: Many eukaryotic promoter regions contain CAAT boxes with consensus sequences CAAT or CCAAT…

A: The CAAT box is popularly known as a core promoter or basal promoter or simply the  Promoter. It is…

Q: What are two differences between promoters and enhancers? (Hint: where are they located relative to…

A: Transcription is a fundamental molecular biology process that uses genetic information encoded in…

Q: onsider Figure 3, which shows some features of a eukaryotic gene. A, B, C are exons while 1, 2 are…

A: INTRODUCTION When an RNA transcript is first made during a eukaryotic cell, it's considered a…

Q: The trp operon in E. coli encodes enzymes essential for the biosynthesis of tryptophan. In the…

A: trp operon is a repressor operon found in E. coli bacteria, which consists of a group of genes that…

Q: You have identified a mutant that is missing the C-terminal tail (CTD) of eukaryotic RNA polymerase.…

A: RNA polymerase II is the eukaryotic enzyme catalyzing the transcription process. Transcription is…

Q: Regarding the process of gene transcription in eukaryotes, it is correct to state that A)The…

A: Transcription is a process of copying a DNA segment into RNA.

Q: control medium that demonstrates the general growth rate of mutant candidates

A: Control Medium: This medium is used to demonstrate the general growth rate of mutant candidates in…

Q: The assembly of general transcription factors on eukaryotic promoters for RNA polymerase II begins…

A: Explanation: ​​​​​​See the image for better understanding:

Q: e following genetic and cellular conditions.  You do not need to consider the role of CAP in your…

A: Upper operon -  Is is super repressor. Once it is present in the sequence, it can not be removed. If…

Q: When Laybourne and Kadonaga studied the effects of histone proteins on eukaryotic transcription…

A: a) To clarify the mechanism of transcriptional repression by the nucleosomal cores they considered…

Q: Name and discuss two transcription regulatory elements that can be found in the figure. (6) 4.2.…

A: RNA polymerase is a main enzyme responsible for the the transcription of RNA by coding complementary…

Q: You made four mutants for a promoter sequence in DNA and studied them for transcription. The results…

A: Promoter are the sequence present in the DNA. These allow the binding of transcription factor and…

Q: Please match the gene element with the the correct definition. control elements 5' UTR 3' UTR…

A: The process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into RNA is known as…

Q: Many genes in both bacteria and eukaryotes contain numerous sequences that can cause pauses in or…

A: Central Dogma is a flow of information that is present in the form of nucleotide sequence on the DNA…

Q: Contrast the two types of transcription terminators in E.coli.

A:

Q: Some poisonous mushrooms in the genus Amanita have been mistaken for edible species. The names given…

A: Amanita belongs to Kingdom Fungi that consists of more than 600 species that include some of the…

Q: You identify a new transcriptional regulator that binds a known sequence of DNA. You are able to…

A: Identify a new transcriptional regulator that binds a known sequence of DNA.Observe the behavior of…

Q: The presence of a DNA template (e.g. a product from PCR), general transcription factors, and RNA…

A: To answer this question, let us first address the main difference between genomic DNA and the PCR…

Q: Which one of the following amino acids is phosphorylated during the process of promoter clearance by…

A: The RNA polymerase leads to the synthesis of mRNA. mRNA synthesis is called transcription.  The…

Q: c) You use chromatin immunoprecipitation to measure the location and amount of transcription factors…

A: Transcription factors are protein molecules which bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate gene…

Q: A mutation in the trp repressor gene that prevents the apo-repressor from binding the co-repressor…

A: Tryptophan operon Tryptophan operon is negatively regulated operon, it includes five gene, promotor,…

Q: RNAP can access the lacZ promoter irrespective of whether CAP-CAMP is binding the CAP o True False

A: Lac operon is a set of structural genes regulated by a common promoter. It is found in bacteria.

Q: 15a) Most amino acid biosynthetic operons in prokaryotes have a structure similar to that observed…

A: The tryptophan operon consists of five structural genes: trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, trpA that codes for…

Q: Some compounds called antiinducers bind to repressors such as the lac repressor and inhibit the…

A: Operon is a genetic regulatory system that is mainly found in bacteria and viruses. In this system,…

Q: Prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes such as yeast have transcription control elements called upstream…

A: Upstream activation sequences plays essential role in induction, enhancement and expression of gene…

Q: Describe events associated with the process of transcription in eukaryotic cells. How is the process…

A: RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes into messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that carry the…

Q: The transcription of a gene called YFG (your favoritegene) is activated when three transcription…

A: An enhanceosome is a group of trans-acting factors that assemble at an enhancer region of a gene to…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.