For each of the following, describe the path the protein takes to its final destination in the cell. Drawings are strongly recommended! Proteins: 1) Hedgehog (released from the signaling cell), 2) Smoothened, 3) Ci/GliYour answers should include the following if they apply for each protein: o Sorting sequences and how the protein knows where to go at each step (what recognizes different sorting sequences/tags) o How/when the protein is inserted into the membrane (if it is a membrane protein) o What organelles the protein passes through on its way to its final destination o How the protein is transported (vesicles? translocons? etc.), including a role for microtubules o How the protein might be modified in each organelle it passes through o What other proteins are involved in transport and how the system is reset to allow for other proteins to be transported

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Q: translation to the plasma membrane

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.