Determine wheter a probiotic pill protects against food-borne illnesses,how would you develop a hypothetical ,observational prospective cohort study to see if this is true.
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Determine wheter a probiotic pill protects against food-borne illnesses,how would you develop a hypothetical ,observational prospective cohort study to see if this is true.
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- You wish to determine whether a probiotic pill protects individuals against food-borne illnesses, explain how you would develop hypothetical, observational prospective cohort study to see if this is true?The average number of eggs consumed during a typical week was measured among all employees who work for a state agency. They were followed up for 3 years, and the incidence of chronic heartburn was compared at the end of the follow-up between those who consumed 0-4 eggs per week and those who consumed 5 or more eggs per week. What type of study design is it? Randomized controlled trial Cohort study Quasi experimental study Case-control study Ecologic studyWhat is the difference between a cohort study and a case control study, and what are the strengths and weaknesses inherent in their design, respectively?
- Consumption of coffee may be a protective factor for Alzheimer’s disease. To test this association, health and nutrition data from 60 countries around the world were obtained, and the correlation between per capita annual consumption of coffee and age-standardized incidence of Alzheimer’s disease was analyzed. What type of study design is it? Ecologic study Cohort study Case-control study Randomized controlled trial Quasi experimental studyLead time bias is best described as a. an apparently lower survival rate among persons screened compared to an unscreened group b. a similar survival time for persons identified during a screening program relative to persons who are diagnosed by clinical symptoms c. an apparently longer survival time among persons identified during a screening program because they were identified at an earlier stage of their disease d. a truly longer survival time for persons identified during a screening program because they were given an effective treatmentWhich of the following is not true of cohort studies? a. Risk can be observed directly in a cohort study b. Cohort studies are good for studying the impact of rare exposures in the population c. The exposure is well defined in cohort studies d. Cohort studies carry the highest risk of misclassification of exposures (that is, incorrect identification of participants as exposed or unexposed)
- In a cohort study, the ratio of the incidence rate of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease in a nonexposed group is the: a. Relative risk b. Risk difference c. Prevalence ratio d. Odds ratiohow does this specifically tie in to vccintion policies (childhood and Covid)?In a cohort study, men were classified as having high or low cholesterol levels. Among the group with low cholesterol levels there were 50 heart attacks in 5000 person-years of follow-up and among the group with high cholesterol levels there were 150 heart attacks in 6000 person-years of follow-up. 1. What was the incidence of heart attack among men with low cholesterol levels? 2. What was the incidence of heart attack among men with high cholesterol levels? 3. What was the incidence of heart attack all men? 4. If high cholesterol levels are a cause of heart attack, what proportion of heart attacks in men could theoretically be prevented if nobody had a high cholesterol level?
- If two independent variables have an effect on each other in a factorial research design, we are primarily concerned about their contradictory cohort effect interactive effect cohort effect confounding effectWhich one of the following procedures can be used in cohort studies? Blind study subjects about their treatment Have control over the dose of exposure Assign subjects randomly to a therapeutic or placebo group Manipulate timing of exposure Follow up subjects to record disease incidenceAs an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of lead exposure in a Baltimore neighborhood and the incidence of lead poisoning and related learning difficulties in early childhood. You start your study with a cohort of 400 babies born in 2015. At baseline none of them have any symptoms of lead poisoning, but after taking environmental samples from their homes you find that 250 of them have lead paint exposure and 150 of them do not. You follow them for 10 years and keep track of incident cases of lead poisoning based on blood samples. In 2025 you end your study and report the following: 100 of the children previously exposed to lead paint in 2015 have lead poisoning and 25 of the children that were not exposed in 2015 have lead poisoning. Calculate the cumulative incidence for the exposed and unexposed group. Calculate the relative risk between lead paint exposure and lead poisoning.
