Consider the results of a six-year observational study that documented health changes related to homeopathic care (Spence and Thompson 2005). Homeopathic treatment was defined as "stimulating the body's autoregulatory mechanisms using microdoses of toxins." Every one of the 6544 patients in the study was assigned to a hospital outpatient unit for homeopathic treatment. Of these, 4627 patients (70.7%) reported positive health changes following treatment. Suggest a major improvement to the design of this study. (hint: choose one of the six strategies of experimental design) 2. In 1976, Ewan Cameron and Linus Pauling (the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes!) published a paper showing that vitamin C was an effect treatment for some kinds of cancer. They measured the life spans of a sample of 100 patients who were given extra doses of vitamin C. As a control, they pulled the records of several hundred patients from the same clinic who had died from the same types of terminal cancer, and who were matched to the vitamin C patients for their age, sex, and type of cancer. They found that the patients with extra vitamin C lived on average 2.7 times longer than the controls.
Consider the results of a six-year observational study that documented health changes related to homeopathic care (Spence and Thompson 2005). Homeopathic treatment was defined as "stimulating the body's autoregulatory mechanisms using microdoses of toxins." Every one of the 6544 patients in the study was assigned to a hospital outpatient unit for homeopathic treatment. Of these, 4627 patients (70.7%) reported positive health changes following treatment. Suggest a major improvement to the design of this study.
(hint: choose one of the six strategies of experimental design)
2.
In 1976, Ewan Cameron and Linus Pauling (the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes!) published a paper showing that vitamin C was an effect treatment for some kinds of cancer. They measured the life spans of a sample of 100 patients who were given extra doses of vitamin C. As a control, they pulled the records of several hundred patients from the same clinic who had died from the same types of terminal cancer, and who were matched to the vitamin C patients for their age, sex, and type of cancer. They found that the patients with extra vitamin C lived on average 2.7 times longer than the controls.
A later study by Moertel et al. (1985) randomly assigned two treatments to cancer patients, supplemental vitamin C and control, and followed the patients with a double-blind study. This later study found no difference between the two groups for their life spans.
Please answer the following TWO questions.
a. Give plausible reasons why the two studies might have found different results.
b. From the information given, which study is expected to give the most reliable results? Why
3.Assume you carry out 5 independent t-tests, at a significant level of 0.05. What would be a Bonferroni corrected significance level?
4.
Assume you carry out 5 independent t-tests and get the following:
| t-test | p-value |
| 1st | 0.032 |
| 2nd | 0.0004 |
| 3rd | 0.21 |
| 4th | 0.58 |
| 5th | 0.011 |
Which, if any, of these tests are significant at 0.05 after a Bonferroni correction for multiple testing?
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