A pyrimidine dimer which is a bulky lesion has mutated an E. coli cell's DNA. Describe both the photoreactivation enzyme repair (PRE) and Nucleotide excision repair describe how the cell uses Uvr A, B, C, D gene products to effect repair.

Q: We transformed E coli cells with a plasmid modified to contain a ‘virulence factor’ which would…

A: A virulance factor is a characteristic or molecule possessed by a microorganisms such as bacteria…

Q: Please explain one type of “DNA repair” mechanism (what is it, when is it used, how does it work).

A: The process by which a cell detects and repairs damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome…

Q: List the steps in the correct order of DNA mismatch repair in E. coli

A: The DNA mismatch repair process involves the correction of errors in the newly synthesized DNA. The…

Q: When single damaged bases are recognized and removed, it is referred to as base excision repair.…

A: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries the genetic information of an organism. It…

Q: How is mismatch repair different from excision repair (in terms of what type of mutation it is used…

A: In order to prevent and fix damage from mutation, all the cells have a variety of mechanisms to…

Q: 1 MSH2 MSH6 Template strand 5' A 3' Newly synthesized daughter strand MLH1 endonuclease, PMS2 2 DNA…

A: The mismatch excision-repair pathway corrects errors introduced during replication Step 1: A complex…

Q: What are the essential differences between base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair and…

A: Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, which are the basic building blocks. Long chains of…

Q: Eukaryotes have repair systems that prevent mutations due to copying errors and exposure to…

A: Eukaryotic cells are complex and multicellular in nature. It consists of a true nucleus, that is the…

Q: The general excision repair pathway for DNA repair has the following order   A. endonuclease cuts…

A: When there is an exposure of any mutagens either UV radiation or chemicals, there is the occurrence…

Q: Provide a detailed description and hand drawn figure of each of the following. (1) Mismatch…

A: Although the genetic variation is important for evolution, the survival of the individual demands…

Q: Norflaxacin is a cidal broad spectrum antibiotic that functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase in gram +/-…

A: Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is used to treat UTI (urinary…

Q: ndicate whether each of the following statements are true of depurination, deamination or pyrimidine…

A: DNA is a long polymer of nucleotide. A nucleotide is made ip of sugar, nitrogenous bases, and…

Q: Now that you’ve isolated the gene and made lots of copies, you need to insert the gene into…

A: Plasmids are used in genetic engineering to increase the number of copies of a gene. A plasmid is a…

Q: The flask where you grow the E. coli culture got exposed to UV rays, explain what kind of DNA damage…

A: In order to maintain the integrity of information contained in DNA, it has various repair…

Q: In this western blot, the levels of phosphorylated TBK (PTBK) decrease with increasing…

A: Western blot analysis is the assay done to check expression of protein. In this method, proteins are…

Q: A mutation occurs that changes a codon from UCC to UCA. It turns out that this codon is for an amino…

A: Based on the nature of change that occurs in a codon due to a point mutation (mutation at a single…

Q: Recent data indicate, as mentioned in the text, that the signal for eukaryotic mismatch repair, for…

A: The process of DNA synthesis is also known as DNA replication wherein a new daughter DNA molecule is…

Q: E. coli is severely exposed to UV light and is DNA damaged, but it attempts to replicate its genome.…

A: U.V. Light -- Ultra Violet Light -- It is the shortest wavelength of Ultra violet light emitted  by…

Q: Based on the following wild type DNA sequence, indicate if each of the mutations should be…

A: A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during…

Q: Different Hfr strains have the F factor DNA integrated into their chromosome at different locations…

A: The integration of the F factor DNA into the chromosome of Hfr (high-frequency recombination)…

Q: Point mutations in multiple tumor suppressor proteins have been linked to cancer. For example…

A: In transcription only a segment of DNA and only one of the strand is copied into RNA.

Q: Direct repair of pyrimidine dimer formation in E. Coli can be accomplished by nucleotide excision.…

A: Escherichia coli, commonly abbreviated as E. coli, is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is…

Q: Three common ways to repair changes in DNA structure are nucleotideexcision repair, mismatch repair,…

A: DNA repair, it is a mechanism by which a cell recognise, or identify the mutations, damage, or any…

Q: Which of the following distinguishes direct repair from other repair mechanisms?

A: The answer is 'Direct repair reverses a structural abnormality without breaking the phosphodiester…

Q: Various antimicrobial drugs to treat microbial infection have diverse mechanism of action. Consider…

A: Since we only answer 1 question in case of multiple question, we’ll answer the first question as the…

Q: The experiment below is from a seminal set of experiments in the 1960s that illustrated the role of…

A: DNA is a double-stranded molecule that carries genetic information. It consists of nucleotides with…

Q: 2b) Suppose you generated a mutant E. coli strain in which it was DNA Polymerase I that was…

A: "DNA polymerases are enzymes that catalyse DNA synthesis during replication." The primary function…

Q: Covalent modification of the E. coli origin of replication (oriC) is required for initiation to…

A: Escherichia coli is a prokaryotic organism that contains DNA, RNA, and protein in the cytoplasm. E.…

Q: Describe a typical program used for DNA amplification with the thermal cycler and the purpose of…

A: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid and versatile in vitro method for amplifying defined…

Q: Below is a list of types of repair systems. Please make sure to select ALL of the processes that can…

A: There are many agents which result in double-stranded breaks in DNA. These involves oxidizing…

Q: Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) is caused by mutations in proteins from one of the DNA…

A: HNPCC is an autosomal dominant inheritance that causes colon cancer in humans. this mutation is…