A genetic variant is associated with low penetrance but high expressivity. This means the variant is associated with a: High chance of showing disease symptoms but symptoms will be mild. High chance of showing disease symptoms and symptoms will be severe. Low chance of showing disease symptoms and symptoms will be mild. Low chance of showing disease symptoms but symptoms will be severe. High chance of showing disease symptoms and disease caused by a rare mutation.
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- A SNP marker is found linked to the cystic fibrosis gene. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease. A couple plans to have children together and both are carriers for the cystic fibrosis gene but do not have the disease themselves. They are both A1/A2 at the SNP and the A2 allele is linked with the allele causing cystic fibrosis. Assuming no crossing over between the SNP and the disease gene, what genotypes in the offspring could result that would cause cystic fibrosis? O A1-cf, A1 - cf O A2-cf, A2 - cf O A1 - CF, A1 - CF O A1 - CF, A2 - cfThere are six types of agglutinogen named C,D, E and c,d,e.the first three are dominant and last three are recessive.discussA RFLP is discovered that is linked to the gene for Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD is an X-linked, recessive trait. The RFLP is 2 map units from the gene for DMD. Consider the following pedigree and Southern blot using a probe that hybridizes to the RFLP. Which band/s is/are associated with DMD? What is the genotype for individuals 3 and 4? (Remember, this is an X linked disease, so use X’s and Y’s to denote). Individual 9 married a man who does NOT have muscular dystrophy, and she is pregnant. DMD is an X-linked trait. What is the probability for their child to have DMD? An amniocentesis is performed and it is determined that 9’s child in utero has only a 10 kb band that hybridizes to the same probe used above. What can you say about the child now?
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- Inborn errors of immunity (IEls) are a heterogeneous group of disorders due to genetic defects in the immune response that have a broad clinical spectrum. Diagnosis of the precise genetic cause of IEI has led to improved care and treatment of patients; however, genetic diagnosis using standard approaches is only successful in -40% of patients and is particularly challenging in "sporadic" cases without a family history. Standard genetic testing for IEl evaluates for germline changes in genes encoding proteins important for the immune response. It is now clear that IEl can also arise from de novo mutations leading to genetic variants present in germ cells and/or somatic cells. What genetic mechanism has emerged as a significant and often potentially overlooked molecular mechanism of IEI? Single nucleotide variant (SNV) - A genetic change in a single nucleotide, for example the change of a guanine (G) to an alanine (A). This may or may not be associated with altered function of the…Which of the following best explains how individuals who inherit phenylketonuria alleles can avoid the symptoms of this disease (mental impairment, foul smelling urine)? It exhibits variable expressivity. The expression of this disease depends on the environment. If the individual removes phenylalanine from their diet they can avoid the disease entirely. PKU alleles are epistatic to alleles of another gene, which acts downstream in phenylalanine metabolism. These individuals supplement their diets with enzymes that break-down phenylalanine.A genetic counsellor is working with a couple who have just had a child who has a debilitating autosomal recessive form of a disease termed epidemolysis bullosa (which causes severe external and internal skin fragility resulting in blistering etc). Neither parent has epidemolysis bullosa, nor does anyone in their families. What should the counsellor say to this couple? OA. "Because no one in either of your families has epidemolysis bullosa, you are not likely to have another baby with epidemolysis bullosa. You can safely have another child." OB. "Because you have had one child with epidemolysis bullosa, you must each carry the allele. Any child you have has a 50% chance of having the disease." OC. "Because you have had one child with epidemolysis bullosa, you must each carry the allele. Any child you have has a 25% chance of having the disease." OD. "Because you have had one child with epidemolysis bullosa, you must both carry the allele. However, since the chance of having an affected…
- Sandhoff disease is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a proteincalled hexosaminidase B. This disease has symptoms that aresimilar to those of Tay-Sachs disease. Weakness begins in the first 6 months of life. Individuals exhibit early blindness and progressive mental and motor deterioration. The family in the pedigree shown below has three members with Sandhoff disease, indicated with black symbols.Below is a pedigree showing transmission of a disease; affected individuals are indicated by solid circles or boxes. Represented below the pedigree are two nylon membranes; DNA samples from each individual in the pedigree were spotted in identical fashion on each membrane. Each individual's DNA appears directly below his or her position in the pedigree. Each membrane was hybridized with allele specific oligonucleotides that detect the two alternative alleles of a single SNP locus (ASO 1 and ASO 2). Positive hybridization is represented as a filled circle and lack of hybridization is represented as an open circle. I 11 III IV V ASO 1 ASO 2 To 1 2 3 4 5 6 a. What is the mode of transmission of this disease? 12 b. Which SNP allele (ASO1 or ASO2) is originally linked to the disease gene? c. Draw a diagram of the event that gave rise to the genotype of individual IV-5. d. Individual V-1 is an unborn fetus. If the SNP locus is 10 CM from the disease locus, what is the likelihood that he will…BRCA1 is mutated in a large percentage of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 protein serves as a key enzyme in repairing DNA double-strand breaks. More than 800 mutations in the BRCA1 are clinically significant. This collection of mutations include missense mutations, small deletions, and large rearrangements that result in a protein with reduced function or no protein product. Inheritance of one mutant allele of BRCA1 is associated with 70-80% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer in females. How is this possible? Select all that apply. The loss of the mutant chromosome during mitosis A point mutation in the allele of BRCA1 inherited from the normal parent Repair of the heteroduplex region containing a mismatch between the normal DNA strand and the mutant DNA strand Nondisjunction of the normal chromosome during mitosis A deletion of the gene copy inherited from the affected parent Mitotic recombination in the region between the BRCA1 gene and the…