1. Opine dehydrogenases (ODH) have evolved in invertebrate marine organisms with wide-rangingphysiological roles. The first class of this family of enzymes provides an alternative pathway for thelactate dehydrogenase pathway in anaerobic energy production. The lactate dehydrogenase pathwayis found in higher organisms and in mammals including humans. One class of opine dehydrogenasescatalyzes the reductive coupling of pyruvate to N-a-carboxyalkyl-L-amino acids represented by the re-action below:དང་NH₂ODHསHO Sམིནྟཱ ཨཱར པ 'ནཔི ཏཏྭཱ ཡཾ དསྨཱ ཨབྷིནྡནྟི ཨཱR₂OHNAD(P)H NAD(P)*R OHR₁ R₂where R1 is the side chain of the amino acid, R2 represents the alkyl group of the a-keto acid that iscoupled to the amino acid, and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)* are the reduced/oxidized forms of nicotinamide ad-enine dinucleotide phosphate, a cofactor of the enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions.(a).: The product of the reaction has two chiral centers as shown: The Ca atom of the aminoacid containing the R₁ side chain has an S or L configuration while the Ca atom containing the R2 sidechain has an R or D configuration. Using any of the representations of a tetrahedral carbon illustratedbelow, draw the configurations of the substituents attached to the tetrahedral carbon atoms if both theR1 and R2 side chains are methyl groups. Name the amino acid.(b)Of the twenty naturally occurring L-amino acids, 18 exhibit S chirality with respect to theCa atom. Which L-amino acid amino acid does not hold to this relationship? Explain with diagramswhy this is the case. Is R-cysteine of the L or D configuration?

To determine the L/D configuration of amino acids, place the alpha carbon () in the center, the…

Answered: (a). The product of the reaction has…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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A) Can you please tell me which of these A.A have a negative side chain? Names of choices in picture provided. B) Can you please tell me which A.A have a hydrophobic side chain and why? Names and choices in picture provided. Thank You so much!!
b. Please draw the structure of the polypeptide: threonine-lysine-glutamine-valine at pH 7.0, and identify the alpha carbons. C. Estimate the isoelectric point of the polypeptide in (b.)?
9L.13
2. 3 With the help of the internet and your textbook, A. hand-draw the chemical structures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, DPPC (also known as lecithin, although lecithin is a more general name and can refer to other chemical structures). B. Where is DPPC found in a cell? 4 C. Is this a lipid, carbohydrate, protein or nucleic acid? Do not leave any "R" groups in the structure that you draw. With the help of the internet and your textbook, hand-draw the chemical structures of the following: A. ibuprofen (What trademarked product is this used in?) B. amoxicillin (What type of agent is this?) C. diltiazem (What condition is this used to treat?) D. L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (What is this chemical's trade name?) E. atorvastatin (What trademarked product is this used in?) Draw each of these structures by hand. Do not leave any "R" groups in the structure that you draw. Using the structures you drew in questions 2 & 3, for each of the organic functional groups listed below,…
Stereochemistry in biological molecules is often denoted by the D- and L- convention, instead of the R- and S- configurations determined by the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog methodology. Naturally occurring α-amino acids are typically in the L-configuration. The Fischer projection of L-alanine is shown. L-alanine H₂N- H3C- HOOC Identify which structures are equivalent to the L-configuration. H COOH H CH3 NH₂ -COOH NH₂ CH3 -H CH3 COOH H -NH₂ H₂N- H CH3 COOH NH₂ H CH3 -COOH
None
Identify the primary structure of a hexapeptide containing five different amino acids if the following smaller peptides are among the partial hydrolysis products: Gly-Cys, Ala-Ser, Ala-Gly, and Cys-Val-Ala
a. Is the disaccharide below a non-reducing sugar? yes or no b. The glycosidic linkage in the disaccharide is what β-(1-2) linkage, α-(1-2) linkage, β-(1-4) linkage, or α-(1-4) linkage? c. The products of hydrolysis of the disaccharide (which of the ff.) α-galactose and α-ribose α-glucose and α-fructose α-fructose and α-galactose α-glucose and α-galactose
Compare the stability of the two salt bridges shown circled in blue at pH 8.4. The carboxylate ions are completely de- protonated at pH 8.4 The pka of the amino group (upper left) is 8.1 and the pka of the amino group (bottom right) is 8.7. (d) NH, F-8- Ed (b) O-H- M5 CH₂COOH (c) 5 (b) CH, CH. H--O=C (d) -H H CH,OH (b) KCHJ NH, (a) The bottom right salt bridge is stronger due to the partial positive charge of +2/3. The bottom right salt bridge is stronger due to the partial positive charge of +1/3. The upper left salt bridge is stronger due to the partial positive charge of +1/3. The upper left salt bridge is stronger due to the partial positive charge of +2/3.
VII. Draw the structure of melezitose (either in Haworth or in conformer): a-D-glucopyranosyl- (1–3)-B-D-fructofuranosyl-(2–→1)-a-D-glucopyranoside Is it a reducing sugar?
a. what general category would you place this molecule in of the four categories of biomolecules? b. List 5 functional groups you see in this molecule?
Consider the reaction for assembly of a tetrapeptide from four amino acids: Serine + Proline + Alanine + Methionine ----> SPAM tetrapeptide Draw a free energy diagram for this reaction (you know, the one that is a line with a speed bump on it?). Remember to always label the axes on graphs, and label where the (actual) reactants and products free energies are on the curve. In addition, label activation energy and draw a dashed line showing the effect of an enzyme on the curve.

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