9. What is sphingosine? For lipids with a sphingosine backbone, to what carbons are the otherfunctional groups attached? How many acyl tails attach to sphingosine to make a sphingolipid?10. Compare and contrast the structure of sphingomyelins with glycerophopholipids.11. Which of the following statements is true? Please briefly explain why the false statements arefalse.A. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are evenly distributed at the two monolayers of plasmamembrane.B. Phosphotidylserine is enriched at the inner leaflet of transport vesicles.C. In sphingolipids, the fatty acid tail is linked to its backbone via an ester bond.D. Common glycerophospholipids often carry positive charges at physiological pH.E. Lipases are enzymes that can cut structural lipids at different locations

The explanation in each question are also included in the answer. Thank you.

Answered: 9. What is sphingosine? For lipids with…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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1. Most globular proteins are denatured and lose their activity when briefly heated to 65°C. However, globular proteins that contain multiple disulfide bonds often must be heated longer and at higher temperatures to denature them. Furthermore, upon cooling of the denatured proteins, the activity of these proteins can often be restored. Explain these properties.
11. List 2 polysaccharides that provide structure and strength. What is interesting about the orientation/shape/bonding/architecture in these molecules?
1. Draw the structure of the following fatty acids: (a) Stearic acid (b) Arachidonic acid 2. Draw the structure of 1-palmitoleyl-2-linolenyl-3-stearyl triacylglyceride 3. Draw the structure of 1-linolenyl-2-arachidyl-3-phosphatidylserine 4. Draw the structure of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, which has a keto group at carbon 3 instead of a hydroxyl group, the double bond at carbon 4 instead at carbon 5, and a hydroxyl group instead of the alkyl group at carbon 17. 5. Why are polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids considered as good for our health? Explain such phenomena based on their chemical structure.
4. Predict the products (draw their structures) of the fatty acid with the reagents below. (a) + CH;OH HO. (b) OH HO.
8. Draw and give the name of the following lipid compounds: A. a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons B. a monounsaturated cis fatty acid with 16 carbons C. any omega-3 fatty acid D. a triglyceride that contains three esters with 14-carbon saturated fatty acids E. any corticosteroid
Penicillin G is a natural antibiotic that is useful for treating infections caused by Gram positive bacteria. What is the functional benefit of the semi-synthetic antimicrobials carbenicillin and ampicillin, generated by chemical modification of the R group so their R groups each are a bit different than the R group seen with penicillin G?
1. Isoelectric point of polypeptide: (1) is pH at which the o-carboxyl and o-amino groups are uncharged. (2) is pH at which the net charge on the molecules in solution is 0. (3) is pH at which the charge of the o-carboxyl group is higher than the charge of the o- amino group. А. (1) only В. (2) only С. (3) only D. (1) and (3) E. (2) and(3)
a. What is a heterocyclic amine? What was the most interesting example you found out about? Why was it interesting? b. DNA and RNA are heterocyclic amines with Nitrogen in the center. If sulfur were in the middle of the ring instead of Nitrogen how would this affect the ability to H-bond? c. Show the structure of 2 neurotransmitters. What are some of the interactions you found out about it.
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Fill in ..... (1) the complete systematic names for sugars A, B and C (remember to you pyranosyl or furanosyl because these are not the terminal sugar). (2) The appropriate descriptor of the glycosidic bonds where appropriate/necessary. (3) Draw the missing sugars as indicated onto the given diagram. HO OH GED A HO OH a-L-psicofuranose (1➜6)- (1➜4)- a-D-idopyranose HO OH B OH OH OH OH SUGAR A SUGAR B SUGAR C
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