9. What is sphingosine? For lipids with a sphingosine backbone, to what carbons are the otherfunctional groups attached? How many acyl tails attach to sphingosine to make a sphingolipid?10. Compare and contrast the structure of sphingomyelins with glycerophopholipids.11. Which of the following statements is true? Please briefly explain why the false statements arefalse.A. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are evenly distributed at the two monolayers of plasmamembrane.B. Phosphotidylserine is enriched at the inner leaflet of transport vesicles.C. In sphingolipids, the fatty acid tail is linked to its backbone via an ester bond.D. Common glycerophospholipids often carry positive charges at physiological pH.E. Lipases are enzymes that can cut structural lipids at different locations

The explanation in each question are also included in the answer. Thank you.

Answered: 9. What is sphingosine? For lipids with…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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1. Most globular proteins are denatured and lose their activity when briefly heated to 65°C. However, globular proteins that contain multiple disulfide bonds often must be heated longer and at higher temperatures to denature them. Furthermore, upon cooling of the denatured proteins, the activity of these proteins can often be restored. Explain these properties.
11. List 2 polysaccharides that provide structure and strength. What is interesting about the orientation/shape/bonding/architecture in these molecules?
4. Predict the products (draw their structures) of the fatty acid with the reagents below. (a) + CH;OH HO. (b) OH HO.
8. Draw and give the name of the following lipid compounds: A. a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons B. a monounsaturated cis fatty acid with 16 carbons C. any omega-3 fatty acid D. a triglyceride that contains three esters with 14-carbon saturated fatty acids E. any corticosteroid
Penicillin G is a natural antibiotic that is useful for treating infections caused by Gram positive bacteria. What is the functional benefit of the semi-synthetic antimicrobials carbenicillin and ampicillin, generated by chemical modification of the R group so their R groups each are a bit different than the R group seen with penicillin G?
Fill in ..... (1) the complete systematic names for sugars A, B and C (remember to you pyranosyl or furanosyl because these are not the terminal sugar). (2) The appropriate descriptor of the glycosidic bonds where appropriate/necessary. (3) Draw the missing sugars as indicated onto the given diagram. HO OH GED A HO OH a-L-psicofuranose (1➜6)- (1➜4)- a-D-idopyranose HO OH B OH OH OH OH SUGAR A SUGAR B SUGAR C
1. provide three reasons why most of the research on carotenoids concentrates on b-carotene. 2. draw the retinol ester that has stearic acid as the carboxylic acid portion of its structure.
7. Consider the structures shown. For each structure select all that apply. a) pentose, hexose or heptose b) D or L c) ketose or aldose d) a or ẞ e) pyranose or furanose COOM CHACH Structure A Structure C
1. Make a series (at least 3) of drawings to show the three dehydration synthesis reactions that take place between the two Fatty Acids, the Phosphate Head and the Glycerol. Show the water molecules made. a) Label the following on the completed phospholipid: hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the molecule, fatty acids, phosphate group, and glycerol. b) Compare the structure of the phospholipid to that of a triglyceride. How are the two molecules Similar? How are they different? 2. Use the following vocabulary to label and draw a cell membrane: cytoplasm (cell lumen) extra-cellular fluid hydrophobic hydrophilic polar head non-polar tails a) How many O-H groups are there? And are the O-H areas of sucrose polar or non-polar? b) What is the term that is used to discuss how tightly or loosely an atom's nucleus has a hold of its valence electrons?
provide detailed explanation.
Match amino Acid R group characteristics to the biochemical bond it can form. Alanine ◆ Glycine Proline Aspartic Acid Lysine Tryptophan ◆ Methionine Threonine Asparagine Histidine A. Pi-bonding aromatic bonds B. Non-polar, contains a sulfur atom C. Non polar bonds D. Amide group bonds E. Inserts a kink (non-freely rotating bond F. Anionic group donating bonds G. Hydroxy group bonding H. Cationic group with pK = 6.0 I. No-R group - highly flexible J. Cationic group donating bond
1

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