1. a. Draw D-glucose and D-fructose as a linear sugar chain.b. Label the carbons with their appropriate number.c. Label the carbonyl group.d. How do you know these are the D stereoisomers?e. Are these ketoses or aldoses?f. How many chiral centers does each molecule have?g. How many possible stereoisomers could D-glucose have, including itself?h. Where are they?i. Upon cyclization would these molecules by pyranoses or furanoses?2. Convert this Fischer projection to a Haworth perspective of the cyclic molecule with an alphaconfiguration at the linkage. What is this molecule?HOHHOHHOHH-OHCH₂OH3. Compare and contrast the structural characteristics of starch vs. glycogen. What is the functionalrole of branching in these polysaccharides?

Answered: 1. a. Draw D-glucose and D-fructose as…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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1. Draw the structure of the following fatty acids: (a) Stearic acid (b) Arachidonic acid 2. Draw the structure of 1-palmitoleyl-2-linolenyl-3-stearyl triacylglyceride 3. Draw the structure of 1-linolenyl-2-arachidyl-3-phosphatidylserine 4. Draw the structure of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, which has a keto group at carbon 3 instead of a hydroxyl group, the double bond at carbon 4 instead at carbon 5, and a hydroxyl group instead of the alkyl group at carbon 17. 5. Why are polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids considered as good for our health? Explain such phenomena based on their chemical structure.
8. Draw and give the name of the following lipid compounds: A. a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons B. a monounsaturated cis fatty acid with 16 carbons C. any omega-3 fatty acid D. a triglyceride that contains three esters with 14-carbon saturated fatty acids E. any corticosteroid
An illustration of a simple triacylglycerol is given. Choose which type of fatty acid is described by each of the given phrase Choices: A, B, C (Refer to picture) 1. a hydrocarbon chain that bends once 2. a polyunsaturated fatty acid chain 3. cannot be saturated by vitamins 4. absorbs the highest number of iodine 5. can be completely saturated by an I2 molecule
Melibiose is a disaccharide found in artichokes. It consists of galactose and glucose linked by an a(1→6) glycosidic bond. a. Draw the structure of melibiose. b. Is melibiose a reducing sugar? c. Compare the structures of melibiose and lactose.
Describe the structural similarities and differences of the following pairs. Identify which of these is a structural isomer, and how to identify structural isomers. a. Glucose and Mannose b. Galactose and Fructose c. Ribulose and Xylulose d. ribose and glucose
F 9. In sugars that contain many chiral centers, only the chiral center that is most distant from the carbonyl carbon is designated as D (right) or L (left). Determine which of the structures below are D and L sugars. H-C-OH HIC OH H-C-OH I CH₂OH D-Ribose HO C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH I CH₂OH D-Arabinose H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH T HO-C-H I H-C-OH I CH₂OH D-Xylose D-Aldoses Five carbons H-C-OH H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH HO-C-H HO-C-H H-C-OH CH₂OH CH₂OH CH₂OH CH₂OH D-Ribose D-Arabinose D-Xylose D-Lyxose HO-C-H HO-C-H H- H-C-OH CHO IMPORTANT NOTE: most hexoses in living organism are D isomers. Thus, the D prefix is often omitted. DO NOT confuse this with amino acids. Remember that the most common amino acids in living organism are L isomers. L sugars are mirror images of D sugars. H-C-OH -OH 10. Sugars (monosaccharides) can be trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, etc., depending on the number of carbons they have. Determine the number of carbons in the structures above (#9) and determine…
Define the following terms: a. eicosanoid b. omega-6 fatty acid c. omega-3 fatty acid d. trans fatty acid e. acyl group
1.Circle and identify allfunction groups found in a sugar called “aldose” depicted below. Do NOT use the internet but you may use your notes to answer this question.
Draw the L enantiomer in a Fischer projection for each amino acid; identify the amino acid as neutral, acidic, or basic. Give the three-letter sign [3], and the one-letter symbol [4].arginine a. arginine b. arginine c. a. glutamic acid b. glutamic acid c. glutamic acidtyrosine b. valine c. arginine
Which of the following statements about amino acids is/are incorrect? 1. Standard amino acids are so named because these are the only amino acids there are. 2. Essential amino acids can be synthesized by the organism. 3. All standard amino acids are optically active. 4. Overall, naturally occurring amino acids are equally likely to be found having either an R or S configuration around the alpha carbon. O 1, 3, and 4 O 1, 2, 3, and 4 1 and 2 O 1, 2, and 3
Consider the following situation; Fresh pineapple contains the enzyme bromelain that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in proteins. a. The directions in making a gelatin (protein) dessert say not to add fresh pineapple. However, canned pineapple where pineapple is heated to high temperatures can be added. Why? b. Fresh pineapple is used in a marinade to tenderize tough meat. Why? c. What structural level of a protein does the bromelain enzyme destroy?
a. What is a heterocyclic amine? What was the most interesting example you found out about? Why was it interesting? b. DNA and RNA are heterocyclic amines with Nitrogen in the center. If sulfur were in the middle of the ring instead of Nitrogen how would this affect the ability to H-bond? c. Show the structure of 2 neurotransmitters. What are some of the interactions you found out about it.

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