5) Both DNA polymerase (any DNA polymerase) and ligase catalyze the formation of a bond between nucleotides, but these two enzymes do NOT catalyze the same reaction. Briefly describe the differences between the reaction catalyzed by the polymerase activity of a DNA polymerase and the reaction catalyzed by ligase.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
5) Both DNA polymerase (any DNA polymerase) and ligase catalyze the formation of a bond
between
the differences between the reaction catalyzed by the polymerase activity of a DNA polymerase
and the reaction catalyzed by ligase.
DNA Polymerase and Ligase are the two classes of enzymes that take part in DNA replication and Repair.
DNA Polymerases catalyze the polymerization reaction between the deoxy ribonucleotides and there by synthesizes the complementary strand from the DNA template during the DNA replication process.
DNA Polymerases cannot initiate DNA Replication in Denovo manner, that means they can only elongate the DNA chain by adding nucleotides to the 3' hydroxyl end of the existing DNA chain or RNA primer. They use deoxy ribo nucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) as their substrates along with the primer.
DNA Ligases catalyze the formation of a missing phosphodiester bond between the 5' phosphate of a nucleotide and the 3'hydroxyl group of the other nucleotide at a nick in the double stranded DNA molecule.
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