37388_1 It is well known that a placebo, a fake medication or treatment, can sometimes have a positive effect just because patients often expect the medication or treatment to be helpful. An article gave examples of a less familiar phenomenon, the tendency for patients informed of possible side effects to actually experience those side effects. The article cited a study in which a group of patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia is randomly divided into two subgroups. One subgroup of size 60 received a compound of proven efficacy along with counseling that a potential side effect of the treatment is erectile dysfunction. The other subgroup of size 50 is given the same treatment without counseling. The percentage of the no- counseling subgroup that reported one or more sexual side effects is 16%, whereas 40% of the counseling subgroup reported at least one sexual side effect. State and test the appropriate hypotheses at significance level 0.05 to decide whether the nocebo effect is operating here. [Note: The estimated expected number of "successes" in the no-counseling sample is a bit shy of 10, but not by enough to be of great concern (some sources use a less conservative cutoff of 5 rather than 10).] n USE SALT State the relevant hypotheses. (Use p, for the true proportion of patients experiencing one or more sexual side effects when given no counseling and p, for the true proportion of patients experiencing one or more sexual side effects when receiving counseling that a potential side effect of the treatment is erectile dysfunction.). OHo: P1-P2 0 H P1-P2> 0 OHo: P1-P2 = o H: P1- P2 <0 O Ho: P1-P2= 0 H: P1-P2 0 OHo: P1-P2= 0 H P1-P2 20 Calculate the test statistic and P-value. (Round your test statistic to two decimal places and your P-value to four decimal places.) N=-3 76 P-value = 0.0001 217 PM State the conclusion in the problem context. DA di ENG 21°C 10/11/2021
37388_1 It is well known that a placebo, a fake medication or treatment, can sometimes have a positive effect just because patients often expect the medication or treatment to be helpful. An article gave examples of a less familiar phenomenon, the tendency for patients informed of possible side effects to actually experience those side effects. The article cited a study in which a group of patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia is randomly divided into two subgroups. One subgroup of size 60 received a compound of proven efficacy along with counseling that a potential side effect of the treatment is erectile dysfunction. The other subgroup of size 50 is given the same treatment without counseling. The percentage of the no- counseling subgroup that reported one or more sexual side effects is 16%, whereas 40% of the counseling subgroup reported at least one sexual side effect. State and test the appropriate hypotheses at significance level 0.05 to decide whether the nocebo effect is operating here. [Note: The estimated expected number of "successes" in the no-counseling sample is a bit shy of 10, but not by enough to be of great concern (some sources use a less conservative cutoff of 5 rather than 10).] n USE SALT State the relevant hypotheses. (Use p, for the true proportion of patients experiencing one or more sexual side effects when given no counseling and p, for the true proportion of patients experiencing one or more sexual side effects when receiving counseling that a potential side effect of the treatment is erectile dysfunction.). OHo: P1-P2 0 H P1-P2> 0 OHo: P1-P2 = o H: P1- P2 <0 O Ho: P1-P2= 0 H: P1-P2 0 OHo: P1-P2= 0 H P1-P2 20 Calculate the test statistic and P-value. (Round your test statistic to two decimal places and your P-value to four decimal places.) N=-3 76 P-value = 0.0001 217 PM State the conclusion in the problem context. DA di ENG 21°C 10/11/2021
MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
6th Edition
ISBN:9781119256830
Author:Amos Gilat
Publisher:Amos Gilat
Chapter1: Starting With Matlab
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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![**Educational Content**
**Title:** Understanding Hypothesis Testing in Medical Studies
**Content:**
Placebos, or fake treatments, sometimes have a positive effect due to patients' expectations. This article explores a lesser-known phenomenon: the likelihood of experiencing side effects when they are anticipated. In a study with patients suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia, researchers tested this by dividing participants into two groups. One group received treatment with a compound of known efficacy, while the other group received the same treatment plus counseling.
**Study Setup:**
- **No Counseling Group:** 60 participants, 10% experienced at least one side effect.
- **Counseling Group:** 50 participants, 16% experienced at least one side effect.
**Objective:** State and test hypotheses at a significance level of 0.05 (with 10 expected successes in the no-counseling group).
**Hypotheses:**
Let \( p_1 \) = true proportion of patients with side effects in the no-counseling group.
Let \( p_2 \) = true proportion of patients with side effects in the counseling group.
\[ H_0: p_1 - p_2 = 0 \]
\[ H_a: p_1 - p_2 < 0 \] *(selected)*
**Statistical Analysis:**
Calculate the test statistic and P-value:
- **Test Statistic (z):** 3.76 (entered value was incorrect)
- **P-value:** 0.0001 (entered value was incorrect)
**Conclusion Prompt:** Type here to search...
**Explanation:**
This setup illustrates the process of hypothesis testing commonly used in medical research to determine the effect of a treatment or intervention, distinct from psychological impacts like counseling. The goal is to statistically infer if counseling influences the side effect rate beyond the active medication.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F917ba0ca-c311-4497-ab5e-23b52ffbd081%2Fab3384a3-2403-4671-b480-e831d0d9a66c%2Fxzv0bve_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Educational Content**
**Title:** Understanding Hypothesis Testing in Medical Studies
**Content:**
Placebos, or fake treatments, sometimes have a positive effect due to patients' expectations. This article explores a lesser-known phenomenon: the likelihood of experiencing side effects when they are anticipated. In a study with patients suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia, researchers tested this by dividing participants into two groups. One group received treatment with a compound of known efficacy, while the other group received the same treatment plus counseling.
**Study Setup:**
- **No Counseling Group:** 60 participants, 10% experienced at least one side effect.
- **Counseling Group:** 50 participants, 16% experienced at least one side effect.
**Objective:** State and test hypotheses at a significance level of 0.05 (with 10 expected successes in the no-counseling group).
**Hypotheses:**
Let \( p_1 \) = true proportion of patients with side effects in the no-counseling group.
Let \( p_2 \) = true proportion of patients with side effects in the counseling group.
\[ H_0: p_1 - p_2 = 0 \]
\[ H_a: p_1 - p_2 < 0 \] *(selected)*
**Statistical Analysis:**
Calculate the test statistic and P-value:
- **Test Statistic (z):** 3.76 (entered value was incorrect)
- **P-value:** 0.0001 (entered value was incorrect)
**Conclusion Prompt:** Type here to search...
**Explanation:**
This setup illustrates the process of hypothesis testing commonly used in medical research to determine the effect of a treatment or intervention, distinct from psychological impacts like counseling. The goal is to statistically infer if counseling influences the side effect rate beyond the active medication.
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