31. CRISPR #1: A key revelation in the CASCADE-DNA structure is that DNA is engaged with crRNAs in 5-base pair blocks, with every sixth base unpaired. It was proposed that the crRNA 'seed' containing the 5-nucleotide stretches are 'pre-ordered' for DNA pairing due to their proximity to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Unfortunately, the PAM nucleotides are disordered in the CASCADE-DNA structure (in addition to the opposing DNA strand). This is likely because this region is dynamic in the final X-ray structure. Why is the PAM region so important in the CRISPR mechanism?

Q: Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) of a doublestrand break almost always results in perfect…

A: Non-homologous end joining plays an essential role in repairing the double-stranded breaks that…

Q: You would like to use a CRISPR-Cas system to knockout a gene that includes the following sequence:…

A: CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas is a gene-editing tool. It…

Q: The following DNA nucleotides are found near the end of a bacterial transcription unit.…

A: The functions of DNA and RNA are controlled by genes. Genes are made up of a distinct collection of…

Q: 24. TRUE or FALSE: A microRNA (in red) binds to its mRNA target (black) as shown below:…

A: False  The target will be cleaved.

Q: 23. Design the forward, reverse, and internal primers to the gene below and mutate the…

A: Primers are stretches of nucleic acids (either DNA or RNA) that help in DNA replication. DNA…

Q: What could be a probable fate of the segment of the DNA strand encircled in red? Polypeptides can…

A: Option 4 is correct -If the encircled region will not be relaxed by another enzyme, it will…

Q: Remember when looking up a codon make sure it is in its mRNA form.   Below is a sample of a…

A: The spontaneous changes in the DNA that changes the original base sequence is called mutation. For…

Q: a. What sequence information about a gene is lackingin a cDNA library?b. Can clones in a cDNA…

A: The cDNA or complementary DNA is derived from mRNA which is transcribed from genomic DNA (gDNA).  It…

Q: (d) Would there be an effect on translation of changing the fourth A in the template strand to a C?…

A: The terms used in the question represents the molecules used during a gene expression. A gene is a…

Q: The following illustrates a jagged double-strand DNA break resulting from Cas9 cleavage that…

A: "Investigating the results of DNA repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) following Cas9…

Q: How did the following in-vitro transcription assay utilizing the rrnB promoter help elucidate the UP…

A: In this study, gel electrophoresis was likely utilized to examine the transcription products created…

Q: If a point substitution mutation changes the sequence 5'ATGAAA3' to 5'ACGAAA3' in the MIDDLE of the…

A: Point mutation is a genetic mutation in which a single nucleotide base is altered, inserted or…

Q: 1. Write the complementary coding strand sequence 5' GGG ATG TCA CAC ATA TTT 2. Write the mRNA…

A: The coding strand of DNA is the one that contains the instructions for the gene in concern. The…

Q: coli WT (wild type, everything is functional) and II) E. coli whose lacl ger ed, when each of the 2…

A: the lacI gene is a regulatory gene for lac operon It produces a protein that blocks RNA polymerase…

Q: historical evidence obtained by Pierre Chambon that led him to conclude that amino acid coding…

A: The coding and non-coding regions of the DNA The coding regions are specifically called exons and…

Q: - How did the following in-vitro transcription assay utilizing the rrnB promoter help elucidate the…

A: Through a direct contact with the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase subunit (CTD), the UP…

Q: . The human gene for ß2 lens crystallin has the components listed below. The numbers represent…

A: Since we only answer up to 3 sub-parts, we’ll answer the first three. Please resubmit the question…

Q: Recall from the central dogma that DNA codes for mRNA, which then codes for protein. Also recall…

A: As per the central dogma of molecular biology, the genetic information for protein synthesis is…

Q: IIT TTC amino acid sanon TTA TTG CTT СТС СТА СТG phenylalanine ATT АТС АТА leucine GTT GTC GTA GTG…

A: Sense strand of DNA- 5'-CATCCAAATTGTTGCCCG-3' Antisense strand of DNA-  3'- GTAGGTTTAACAACGGGC-5'…

Q: 26) The accompanying drawing represents simultaneous transcription and translation in E. coli. The…

A: Protein synthesis takes place in two stages, namely, transcription and translation. Transcription is…

Q: For insertion elements and simple transposition, what is the function of the inverted repeat…

A: Transposition A transposon also called a jumping gene is the DNA sequence that changes its position…

Q: ingle stranded adaptor" and "homopo. " have different strategies of binding d

A: Cloning is a process that allows scientists to create perfect genetic duplicates of living…

Q: Target of doublestranded rna during RNAi is determined by...... size   molecular weight…

A: The gene expression and the stability of mRNA can be regulated by using RNAi techniques in which a…

Q: One problem that researchers sometimes encounterwhen editing genomes with CRISPR/Cas9 is that oneor…

A: The gene therapy or gene editing is an asset for humans, as many of the gene-related disorders can…

Q: The E. coli genome contains approximately 4639 kb. (a) How many copies of the 6-bp recognition…

A: E.coli is a type of bacteria that normally lives in the intestine. It is also found in the gut of…

Q: Describe in detail the process of RNAI including the major protein involved. What is the role of…

A: Biotechnology is the field that makes use of biology to solve problems undergoing the making of some…

Q: . You have identified a mutation in yeast, a unicellular eukaryote, that prevents the capping of the…

A: Central dogma states the conversion of DNA into mRNA via transcription and mRNA into proteins by…

Q: 4) The fact that splicing is a strategy to optimize the use of the genome in eukaryotes is evidenced…

A: Splicing: The biological process of splicing converts a freshly synthesized pre-mRNA into an adult…

Q: DNA Double А A Helix C T C C MRNA A C C C Transcribed TRNA A Anticodon Amino Acid Pro Sequence Amino…

A: DNA has sense and antisense sequence, sense codons have the same bases as that of mRNA except that…

Q: Has mutated terminal sequences and lacks a functional transposase or reverse transcriptase. Has…

A: Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA or RNA sequences that have the ability to relocate within a…

Q: In replication, the dehydration synthesis reaction to make the polymer of [Select] is catalyzed by…

A: The objective of the question is to identify the polymers, catalysts, and the direction of synthesis…

Q: What is the actual biological purpose of the CRISPR/Cas9 system?

A: All biological information of an organism is stored inside the biomolecule called DNA.  Gene are the…

Q: In which direction along the template must theRNA polymerase in Figure Q6–1 be moving to have…

A: Throughout transcription, the RNA polymerase proceeds along the template strand in a 5'-3'…

Q: Once an RNA polymerase has initiated transcription, it will release the sigma factor or sigma…

A: TRANSCRIPTION- The process of formation of mRNA from the DNA strand is known as transcription. It is…

Q: A. The insertion shifts the reading frame to the right. The deletion frame shifts the reading frame…

A: DNA is two stranded helical structure which act as template for making of mRNA. It also functions as…

Q: 17. Complete the following Central Dogma Grid Puzzles: First determine which DNA strand is the…

A: A "nucleic acid" is a linear polymer of nucleotides that is a component of the cell's information…

Q: If the RNA polymerase II subunits are in the same family, why would they have such little similarity…

A: Although RNA pol II subunits are in the same family but due to different functions they show less…

Q: In bacteria, a transcription experiment in vitro with purified RNA polymerase holoenzyme is fairly…

A: Bacteria are one of the type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of the  prokaryotic…

Q: 2. Convert the amino acid Glutamic acid (Glu) on its tRNA to the amino acid Glutamine (Gln) as shown…

A: The image given above is of tRNA  and how tRNA leaves behind ita amino acid during protein synthesis…

Q: Q.7 a) You are seeking to clone a gene into pEGFP-C1 (see plasmid MCS map in Q.4). Which of the…

A: To determine which primers will result in  gene being in-frame with EGFP , we need to analyze…

Q: Now you have the gene sequence. Now you would like to clone it into an expression vector to grow up…

A: Answer. The majority of eukaryotic genes contain non-coding DNA. The genes tend to have a split…

Q: Great! Now you have the gene sequence. Now you would like to clone it into an expression vector to…

A: Vectors: It is a transporting vehicle carries foreign DNA into host cell for cloning and expression.…

Q: b. Now do this AGAIN assuming that the DNA and RNA templates are read right to left. DNA strand DNA…

A: The mRNA is produced from the DNA template by the transcription process and then mRNA is used for…

Q: Transfer RNA in eukaryotic cells is synthesized by which of the following enzymes (sensitive to high…

A: The transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a special RNA that helps in the transportation of messenger…

Q: (11) If you design a gRNA with the sequence, GGU AUC AUU GCA CUG ACC AG, in theory which position of…

A:

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.