25. The following graph illustrates the consumption of oxygen in a mitochondrial preparation. Draw, on the graph, what would happen to oxygen concentration in the mitochondria under each of the following conditions (in other words, your final graph should have 4 different lines on it, clearly labeled a, b, c, and d) A .3 dte: 0cT ON 01E.0 .2t .1 1 2 3 Time, min (a) NADH (but nothing else) is added at the time marked A (b) NADH plus ADP is added at the time marked A. (c) NADH plus ADP plus a drug that prevents ATP synthase from binding to ADP at the time marked A. (d) NADH plus ADP plus a drug that prevents ATP synthase from binding ADP at the time marked A, followed by a drug that makes the inner membrane space more basic 1 minute later. [02], mM

25. The following graph illustrates the consumption of oxygen in a mitochondrial preparation. Draw, on the graph, what would happen to oxygen concentration in the mitochondria under each of the following conditions (in other words, your final graph should have 4 different lines on it, clearly labeled a, b, c, and d) A .3 dte: 0cT ON 01E.0 .2t .1 1 2 3 Time, min (a) NADH (but nothing else) is added at the time marked A (b) NADH plus ADP is added at the time marked A. (c) NADH plus ADP plus a drug that prevents ATP synthase from binding to ADP at the time marked A. (d) NADH plus ADP plus a drug that prevents ATP synthase from binding ADP at the time marked A, followed by a drug that makes the inner membrane space more basic 1 minute later. [02], mM

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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NADH and succinate are substrates that can be oxidized and will consume oxygen. Rotenone and cyanide are inhibitors of the electron transport chain and can block oxidation. Match each description of the effector to the appropriate oxygen consumption. A plot may match more than one description. Some plots will not match any description. (At least one of the matches in the image was incorrect)
Describe the impact of each of the following on cellular respiration 1. A mutation in ubiquinone (Q) that makes it more a polar molecule. 2. A mutation in the pyruvate carrier protein in the mitochondrial membrane that decreases transport.
The four complexes of the electron transport chain use the energy of electrons stored in reducing agents to create a concentration gradient of protons (H*) across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Give the number of protons pumped into the intermembrane space by each of the four complexes: complex I: complex II: complex III: complex IV:
In oxidative phosphorylation (mark all that are true)... Choice 1 of 7:Succinate contributes 2e- to Complex II and 2H+ to the mitochondrial proton gradient. Choice 2 of 7:NADH in the matrix passes 2 e- to coenzyme Q via Complex I. Choice 3 of 7:Complexes I, II, III, and IV each contribute to the matrix proton gradient. Choice 4 of 7:O2 stabilizes the catalytically active conformation of Complex V. Choice 5 of 7:Reversible protonation of c subunits leads to rotation of the Complex V gamma subunit. Choice 6 of 7:Each β subunit can bind ATP tightly under the right conditions. Choice 7 of 7:For every 3 protons that pass across the inner mitochondrial membrane, 1 ATP is produced. Below are screenshots of the answer from two different sources (for your consideration)
Under typical conditions, how many protons are pumped across the mitochondrial intermembrane for each molecule of NADH that is oxidized (assuming its electrons are passed all the way to O2 by the respiratory chain)? 1. 1 2. 6 3. 10 4. 100
Rotenone is an insecticide that is not toxic to plants, but is highly toxic to fish and insects. (it will also kill mammals, but it doesn’t easily get into our cells). When Rotenone is added to cells in vitro, ATP production stops, oxygen is no longer reduced and NADH builds up. Based on these results, explain what is a possible mechanism of action for Rotenone?
15.13) The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region and undergo oxidative phosphorylation. Name the two processes in which the energy from NADH made in glycolysis can enter the mitochondrial matrix. ANSWER: 1) malate-aspartate shuttle 2) glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle EXPLANATION: Oxidative phosphorylation requires that NADH be located within the mitochondrial matrix. Since pyruvate oxidation/decarboxylation and the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix, the NADH created in those processes can immediately undergo oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is able to pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane and enter the intermembrane space; however, it is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region. In order for the energy from this NADH to be utilized, it must be processed through "NADH shuttles." The two…
Calculate the ATP yield for the complete oxidation of the ketone body 3-hydroxybutryate to 4 CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix. Use P:O ratios of 2.5 for NADH and 1.5 for QH2. Draw the chemical reaction and the movement of electrons (including the enolate intermediate) necessary for the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate to acetone and CO2. (Hint: review the mechanism of step 4 in glycolysis and step 3 in the citric acid cycle). Why is acetoacetate undergoing spontaneous decarboxylation while 3-hydroxybutyrate does not?
Citrate synthase is a nuclear-encoded enzyme of the Citric Acid Cycle. The enzyme is functional in the mitochondrial matrix. Looking at the system required for mitochondrial targeting and import of citrate synthase, which of the following statements are correct? 1. Proper import and processing of citrate synthase is dependent upon other proteins found in the mitochondria. 2. Because of the signal peptide, the mature functional enzyme is actually longer than it would be if it was coded by the organelle genome. 3. Because the citrate synthase signal peptide doesn’t have a precise amino acid signature, mutations that slightly change the primary sequence have no effect on targeting. 4. To get citrate synthase into the mitochondrial matrix requires two signal sequences: one to get it across the outer membrane and a second to get it across the inner membrane. A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
You are growing human muscles cells in the lab and you are trying to test how wellthe cells survive with decreasing concentrations of oxygen. As part of yourexperiment, you are measuring the rate of glucose use, the rate of mitochondrial ATPproduction and the pH of the solution surrounding the cells. As the concentration ofoxygen becomes lower änd lower, what changes might you expect to observe inthese cells?A. The rate of glucose use would increase, the rate of mitochondrial ATP productionwould decrease, and the pH of the solution would decrease (become more acidic).B. The rate of glucose use would decrease, the rate of mitochondrial ATP productionwould decrease, and the pH of the solution would increase (become more basic).C. The rate of glucose use would increase, the rate of mitochondrial ATP productionwould increase, and the pH of the solution would decrease (become more acidic)D. The rate if glucose use would decrease, the rate of mitochondrial ATP productionwould decrease, and…
In oxidative phosphorylation.... 1. Succinate contributes 2e- to Complex II and 2H+ to the mitochondrial proton gradient. 2. NADH in the matrix passes 2 e- to coenzyme Q via Complex I. 3. Complexes I, II, III, and IV each contribute to the matrix proton gradient. 4. O2 stabilizes the catalytically active conformation of Complex V. 5. Reversible protonation of c subunits leads to rotation of the Complex V gamma subunit. 6. Each β subunit can bind ATP tightly under the right conditions. 7. For every 3 protons that pass across the inner mitochondrial membrane, 1 ATP is produced. Choose all options that are true.
We often describe respiration by the simple equation of 6 O2 + C6H1206 - 6 CO2 + 6 H20. However, as we've now covered, there's way more going on than what's represented by this one equation. Summarize the entire process of energy generation starting from glucose, covering the substances produced through each process involved (no need to summarize the individual steps), where these processes take place, how they interact with each. other, changes in energy and oxidation along the way, and what happens to the molecules produced in the end.