100 60 40 // 24 14 6 8 10 12 Time (hours) Key 1 = V. melanops, 2 = V. sativa, 3 = V. benghalensis, 4 = V. atropurpurea, 5 = V. faba, 6 = V. narbonensis, 7 = E. coli Percentage of labeled DNA not hybridized 20 2. [After W. V. Choi, 1971, Genetics 68:213-230.]
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
In DNA-hybridization experiments on six species of plants in the genus Vicia, DNA was isolated from each of the six species, denatured by heating, and sheared into small fragments (W. Y. Chooi. 1971. Genetics 68:213–230). In one experiment, DNA from each species and from E. coli was allowed to renature. The graph shows the results of this renaturation experiment.
Q. Can you explain why the E. coli DNA renatures at a much faster rate than does DNA from any of the Vicia species?
![100
60
40
//
24
14
6 8
10
12
Time (hours)
Key
1 = V. melanops, 2 = V. sativa, 3 = V. benghalensis, 4 = V.
atropurpurea, 5 = V. faba, 6 = V. narbonensis, 7 = E. coli
Percentage of labeled DNA
not hybridized
20
2.
[After W. V. Choi, 1971, Genetics 68:213-230.]](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa7d50630-534f-4ef5-b722-b17cf01b1378%2F47a6ac36-f106-4457-9cf1-e13646bcb445%2Foyzbvy.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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