1.(a) () Trace the course of [1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose that is first processed through glycolysisand proceeds into the TCA cycle. For the glycolysis part, use the diagram below to decide where glucoseatoms end up in pyruvate. You need to illustrate only the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, andof pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in py-ruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found?HOHOCH OH+ 2 NAD+O + 2 NADH+ 2 Pj2+ 2 ATPHOOH + 2 ADPCH3+ 2 H₂OGlucosePyruvate

Here is a sample illustration of the described pathway above: To summarize, after glycolysis,…

Answered: 1.(a) ( ) Trace the course of…

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter18: Glycolysis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6P: The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be...

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1.(a) ( ) Trace the course of [1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose that is first processed through glycolysis and proceeds into the TCA cycle. For the glycolysis part, use the diagram below to decide where glucose atoms end up in pyruvate. You need to illustrate only the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in py- ruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found? HO HO- СНЬОН + 2 NAD+ от + 2 NADH + 2 P₁ 2 + 2 ATP HO OH 2 ADP CH3 + 2 H₂O Glucose Pyruvate
[1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose Trace the course of through glycolysis and the TCA cycle. You need only to illustrate the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in pyruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found?
Trace the pathway of [1-14C]pyruvate through gluconeogenesis. Use an asterisk to indicate the location of 14C in all intermediates and in the final gluconeogenesis product, glucose. CH₂ -C=0 Coo [1-1C]Pyruvate CH,OPO H-C-OH C-OPO || 1,3-Bisphospho- glycerate ↑ -coo -CH₂ KC=0 -Coo Oxaloacetate CH,OPO H-C-OH COO 3-Phosphoglycerate CH₂ -OPO OP COO Phosphoenolpyruvate CH,OH H-C-OPO COO 2-Phosphoglycerate
Write balanced chemical equations for each of the following: (a) anaerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of sucrose, cleaved initially by sucrose phosphorylase; (b) aerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of maltose; (c) fermentation of one glucose residue in starch to ethanol, with the initial cleavage involving a-amylase.
The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…
Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, in which glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose‑6‑phosphate. Give two reasons why a Mg2+ cation is required to facilitate this reaction.
The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP]; [P;] = 1 mM. Consider the glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-phosphate AG = - 16.7 kJ/mol (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298°K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/ Iglucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (b) Reversal of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H20 = glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/mol
Indicate the energy yield or cost, in ATP equivalents, for the following processes: (a) glycogen (3 residues) → 6 pyruvate. (b) 3 glucose → 6 pyruvate(c) 6 pyruvate → 3 glucose.
1. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that contains a nucleophilic cysteine playing a central role in the reaction. A) In the direction of gluconeogenesis, what reaction does this enzyme catalyze? AG° = -6.3 kcal/mol for this reaction in the direction of gluconeogenesis. Based on what you know about the substrates involved, provide two chemical reasons as to why the AGO of this reaction is negative.
Mention two biological advantages to an organism that stores its carbohydrate reserves as starch or glycogen rather than as an equivalent amount of free glucose. What role does the protein, glycogenin play in glycogen synthesis? Name the reactants and products of the first two steps of the gluconeogenesis pathway if pyruvate is used as the starting material (structures not needed). Explain why people with a deficiency of the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) suffer from hemolytic anemia What is meant by reciprocal regulation? Name one compound that reciprocally regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. Which enzymes are regulated by this compound? What reactions are catalyzed by these enzymes?
In metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)can be used for glycogen synthesis or for glycolysis, among otherfates. What does it cost, in terms of ATP equivalents, to storeG6P as glycogen, rather than to use it for energy in glycolysis?Hint: The branched structure of glycogen leads to 90% of glucose residues being released as glucose-1-phosphate and 10%as glucose.
Pyruvate, labeled with 14C at C-1, is incubated with 13C labeled bicarbonate and added to intact yeast cells (yeast can perform gluconeogenesis). What and where will these labels appear on the resulting glucose produced through gluconeogenesis? What and where will these labels appear on ethanol produced through fermentation?

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