1. The liver produces glucose to the rest of the body between meals by breaking down glycogen stores to form glucose-6-phosphate in the penultimate step. Glucose-6-phosphate is then converted to glucose by splitting off the phosphate (ΔG°' = -3.3 kcal/mol). Why do you think that the liver removes the phosphate by hydrolysis, rather than reversing the glycolytic step where: glucose + ATP → G6P + ADP (ΔG°' = -4.0 kcal/mol)? By reversing this reaction the liver could generate both glucose and ATP. **Question 2: Fermentation Pathway Analysis**At first glance, the fermentation of pyruvate to lactate seems to be an optional add-on reaction to glycolysis—couldn’t cells growing in the absence of O₂ just discard pyruvate as waste? In the absence of fermentation, could the anaerobic metabolism of glucose via the glycolytic pathway continue? Why or why not?

Glucose is the body’s principle source of energy that is derived as a macronutrient in certain…

Answered: 1. The liver produces glucose to the…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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In the table below, choose the appropriate metabolic processes for each scenario: Metabolic Processes Process that Occurs in RBCs Process that Occurs Only in Liver Glycolysis A A Gluconeogenesis B B Beta Oxidation C C Ketogenesis D D Ketolysis E E Urea Formation F F Glyconeogenesis G G
1) A well-fed, resting rat is given a meal that includes glutamate labeled with ¹4C at the y-carbon and ¹3℃ at the B-carbon (see below). Assume the labeled glutamate and unlabeled HCO3 are the only sources of carbon for fatty acid, glucose, and amino acid biosynthesis and the glutamate is converted as directly as possible to glucose, palmitate or aspartic acid. O H H H NH3 + Briefly sketch out the most direct series of steps to make aspartate from glutamate (you do not need to show each step, just outline key intermediates that are shuttled from one pathway to another). Draw each of the possible labeled aspartate molecules that would be produced from the labeled glutamate above and clearly show which carbon(s), if any, would be labeled with ¹4C and/or ¹³℃ in each molecule of aspartate. Briefly sketch out the most direct series of steps to make glucose from glutamate (you do not need to show each step, just outline key intermediates that are shuttled from one pathway to another). Draw…
Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➔ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30-32 ATP + heat Alcoholic Fermentation: C6H12O6 ➔ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP + heat Lactic Acid Fermentation: C6H12O6 ➔ 2CH3CHOHCOO- + 2ATP + heat Based on the equations above, which method of breaking down glucose is most efficient? Include evidence that supports your claim.
1. Which enzyme traps absorbed glucose in the cell by quickly phosphorylating it? 2.Name the monomer product of glycogenolysis. Please be specific and precise. 3. Which enzyme converts the product of glycogenolysis to an intermediate compound in glycolysis?
The first reaction in Glycolysis is the phosphorylation of Glucose: Pi + Glucose - Glucose 6-Phosphate + water This is a thermodynamically unfavorable process with a AG,' = +13.8 kJ/mol. In a liver cell at 37°c the concentrations of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 0.005 M each. What would be the equilibrium concentration of Glucose 6-Phosphate according to the above data? Note: In the biochemical standard state [H2O] = 1.0 Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a 0.00000012 0.0000025 0.00000025 0.00474 e 0.005 1.0 0.1 h 0.25 i 2.4
Which of the following is the correct summary of phase II of glycolysis for each molecule of glucose? Glucose + ATP ⟶ Glyceraldehy-3-phosphate + ADP Glucose + 2 ATP ⟶ 2(Glyceraldehy-3-phosphate) + 2 ADP Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + ADP + Pi ⟶ 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ + ATP 2(3-phosphoglycerate) + 2ADP ⟶ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP 2(Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi ⟶ 2(3-phosphoglycerate) + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP
In a major metabolic pathway involving the monosaccharide glucose, one of the reactions involve the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate summarized below together with accompanying free energy change: glucose + phosphate = glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 AG = 13.8 kJ · mol-1 (Reaction 1) In cells, the production of G6P (Reaction 1 above) is coupled to a reaction that involves the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP (shown below, Reaction 2) which makes the overall reaction much more favorable to the production of glucose-6-phosphate. ATP + H,O = ADP + phosphate (Reaction 2) Why do you think coupling the production of glucose-6-phosphate to the hydrolysis of ATP makes the overall reaction spontaneous? What can you say about the free energy change accompanying the hydrolysis of ATP (Reaction 2)?
During glycogen synthesis, glucose-1P is converted into a molecule called UDPG. This reaction also cleaves uridine triphosphate (UTP) forming uridine monophosphate and pyrophosphate (PPi). Provide four reasons why UTP can be used to power this reaction (no diagrams necessary).
1. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that contains a nucleophilic cysteine playing a central role in the reaction. A) In the direction of gluconeogenesis, what reaction does this enzyme catalyze? AG° = -6.3 kcal/mol for this reaction in the direction of gluconeogenesis. Based on what you know about the substrates involved, provide two chemical reasons as to why the AGO of this reaction is negative.
5
Describe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc. Describe how many ATPs can be generated by complete cycles of beta oxidation of free fatty acid with 20 carbons. You should indicate how many cycles of beta oxidation and Krebs cycle, and total number of products as well
The average cell, at rest, hydrolyzes 10,000, 000 ATP molecules per second. You are studying the stem cell population found in the intestinal Crypts. In the intestine there are s total 5 x 1011 cell number. The stem cells have a 85% higher metabolism than an average resting cell. ATP hydrolysis yield 7.4 kCal/ Mole ATP. (Avogadro’s number is 6.023 x 1023) 1) How many moles of ATP are hydrolyzed per second? A) 15.3 moles/ sec. B) 7.06 x 10-6 moles/ sec. C) 5.4 x 10-2 moles/ sec. D) 25 moles/ sec. E) 225 moles/hour F) none of these

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