STUDY GUIDE WEEK 3

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School

Clayton State University *

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Course

1101

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Sociology

Date

Apr 3, 2024

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pdf

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Uploaded by MagistrateFreedomWolverine49

STUDY GUIDE SWAY OVERVIEW According to the overview, theory is a statement about what? How something affects something else According to the overview, scientific theory is distinguished by its focus on what kind of “somethings”? How something empirical (IV) affects something else empirical (DV) According to the overview, something is empirical if you can do what to it? If you can hear, see, touch, smell, or taste it According to the overview, is the “something” that affects something else the independent or dependent variable? According to the overview, is the “something” affected by something else the independent or dependent variable? According to the overview, a theory is better if it is more valid and more of what else? Simpler, more general, more original, and more useful According to the overview, is crime the independent or dependent variable in criminological theory? True or false (according to the overview): The vast majority of criminological theories make statements about why communities, individuals, and situations are more likely to have or commit crime. True or false (according to the overview): Criminological theories only focus on empirical somethings. True or false (according to the overview): Criminology is a discipline. According to the overview, the current section of the course focuses on which discipline(s)? Economics, biology, sociology, psychology, anthropology, etc. True or false (according to the overview): Bentham argues that people do things to gain pleasure and gain pain. According to the overview, what words are synonymous with benefit? According to the overview, what words are synonymous with cost? According to the overview, what are the potential sources of good and bad stuff that people experience? The government, nature, the community, supernatural beings

According to the overview, deterrence is basically what? Scaring people out of doing bad stuff According to the overview, the government uses what to deter? Punishment True or false (according to the overview): Theories and crime control methods are only good enough if they are perfect. According to the overview, does Bentham, Gibbs, or Clarke and Cornish focus on deterrence in specific ways rather than big ways? According to the overview, what is/are the dependent variable of the theories examined in this section? crime According to the overview, what is/are the independent variable of the theories examined in this section? According to the overview, people commit more crime is doing so has what? Greater benefit or smaller cost True or false (according to the overview): Rational choice theory is only used to at the community- and individual-level of analysis. BENTHAM. PRINCIPLES OF MORALS & LEGISLATION Note: thought the following say “According to Bentham,” the wording for the quiz questions will actually come from the summaries I made. According to Bentham, people act based on what? Pleasure and pain. According to Bentham’s principle of utility, an action is better to the extent it increases what of an actor? Pleasure or reduces their pain According to Bentham, utility refers to what? More pleasure and less pain True or false (according to Bentham): A community is a real thing, not fictitious. According to Bentham, a government action has utility if it does what? If it increases more good stuff than bad stuff for a community According to Bentham, what makes a person partisan to the principle of utility? If he or she approves of something based on the extent to which it increases good stuff or decreases bad stuff for a community According to Bentham, if an action conforms to the principle of utility, then you can say what of it? That action should be done; or at least you should not say that it should not be done True or false (according to Bentham): His theory of utility can be tested.

According to Bentham, laws should be solely made and enforced to do what? Increase good stuff and decrease bad stuff in a community Know the definitions of the following types of sanctions (according to Bentham): Physical sanction: good or bad stuff that naturally results Political sanction: good or bad stuff that gov’t officials do to people Moral sanction: good or bad stuff that people do to other people Religious sanction: good or bad stuff that a supernatural being does to people True or false (according to Bentham): Government officials should only concern themselves with political sanctions, not the other types. According to Bentham, for any given person, good and bad stuff varies in what four ways? 1. Intensity 2. Duration 3. (un)certainly 4. Propinquity or remoteness According to Bentham, figuring the utility of an act that affects the community involves quantifying, adding, and comparing the resultant good stuff with the bad stuff. What makes an act good? According to Bentham, what are the four goals of legal punishment that relate to the principle of utility? 1. Prevent offenses 2. Prevent offenses that cause more bad stuff than others 3. Prevent offender from sound more bad stuff than needed during any given offense 4. Do all of the above in the cheapest way possible True or false (according to Bentham): If the value of committing a crime is greater than the value of punishment, the offender will not commit the crime. True or false (according to Bentham): It is a certainty that punishment will prevent an offense. True or false (according to Bentham): To prevent offenses that cause more bad stuff relative to other offenses [see second goal], the worse offenses should have a greater value of punishment than do less bad offenses. True or false (according to Bentham): To prevent offenders from doing more bad stuff than needed during any given offense, each part should have its own punishment, and the worse parts should have a equal value of punishment as the less bad parts.

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True or false (according to Bentham): Everyone who commits a particular crime should be punished the exact same way. According to Bentham, because the good stuff of offenses is more certain and swift, is it most practical to make punishment more certain, swift, and/or severe? True or false (according to Bentham): Every crime should be treated as a single act. Thus, offenders should not be punished as though they committed it many times before without being punished. True or false (according to Bentham): Laws and prescribed punishments should be as specific as possible. GIBBS. CRIME, PUNISHMENT, AND DETERRENCE According to Gibbs, after what period (i.e., years) did academics, especially sociologists, regain interest in deterrence? 1945-1965 How does Gibbs first define deterrence? The omission of an act as a response to the perceived risk and fear of punishment for contrary behavior According to Gibbs, the term “punishment” is ambiguous for what reason? May refer to prescribed punishments or to actual punishments True or false (according to Gibbs): Deterrence is observable because it is possible to see someone omitting an act because of the perceived risk and fear of punishment. Know the definition of following types of deterrence, according to Gibbs: Specific deterrence: the impact of actual punishment on those who have suffered it General deterrence: the impact of a threat of punishment on the public at large According to Gibbs, the deterrence doctrine is the legacy of what two major figures in moral philosophy? Beccaria and Bentham According to Gibbs, the deterrence doctrine can be reduced to what one fairly simple statement (identified in the chapter as generalization 1)? The rate for a particular type of crime varies inversely with the certainty, certainty, and severity of punishments of that type of crime . True or false (according to Gibbs): The assertion that the celerity, certainty, and severity of punishment deters crime is directly testable. According to Gibbs, prescribed or “threatened” punishments do not deter individuals unless they do what? Perceive some risk According to Gibbs, is a $2,000 fine or 30 days in jail a more severe punishment, scientifically speaking?

True or false (according to Gibbs): If punishments do not deter crime, there is no reason to punish. True or false (according to Gibbs): The positions taken in debates over the deterrence doctrine commonly reflect value judgments pertaining to punishment, not a concern with its empirical validity. According to Gibbs, what amount of evidence is likely to resolve the debate over deterrence in the context of penal policy? No amount of research evidence True or false: Gibbs believes that coercion is the ultimate basis of social control in all societies. True or false (according to Gibbs): Deterrence is the only possible preventative consequence of punishment. CLARKE & CORNISH. MODELING OFFENDERS’ DECISIONS According to Clarke and Cornish, deviance theories developed in the 1960s are relevant to their article because they rejected what and emphasized what? The cultural relativity of definitions of delinquency, the relationship between the social control and the distribution of political and economic power in society, and the need to appreciate the meaning of deviance from the actor's perspective According to Clarke and Cornish, deviance theories have limited value for crime control for what three reasons? The deliberate eschewal of the test of immediate practical or policy relevance, the belief that individuals are in a position to provide comprehensive and valid accounts of the reasons for their behavior, and the rejection of more quantitative and controlled methods of data collection According to Clarke and Cornish, “classical” views about crime emphasize what? The offenders own responsibility for his conduct According to Clarke and Cornish, the economic approaches to criminal behavior argue that criminals and noncriminals have what in common? Being active, rational decision makers who respond to incentives and detterents According to Clarke and Cornish, how are new economic formulations different from the classical economic and criminological theories? Take account of the existence and influence of a restricted number of potential individual differences. True or false: According to Clarke and Cornish, “bounded rationality” refers to individuals’ use of judgmental heuristics that make them act slowly when completing complex tasks According to Clarke and Cornish, have most criminological theorists been preoccupied with explaining involvement in crime of particular individuals or the occurrence of criminal events ? According to Clarke and Cornish, what are the three stages of criminal involvement? Initial involvement, continuance, and desistance

According to Clarke and Cornish, should a theorist come up with a decision model (i.e., theory) that applies to all crimes or a particular crime? What do Clarke and Cornish mean when they say decision models of crime need to be only “good enough”? In other words, good enough for what? THEORIST VIDEO. NAGIN What “sparked” Dan Nagin’s interest in criminology? Graduate school to ger a phd. walked into office how much of the crime increase is due to age. What in Nagin’s biographical history, other than his formal education and work with Al Blumstein, led him to be interested in deterrence? Wrote a grant Why does Nagin think that individuals’ criminal behavior is “enduring,” meaning repeated over time? Persistent heterogeneity . Kinds of behaviors were reinforcing (state depending). Behavior might get labeled and reinforces behavior. What is the first thing Nagin identifies as the work for which he has the most pride (other than his work on deterrence that he discusses before this topic)? What is the first thing Nagin identifies as currently working on that he is most excited about? The work that again related to the crime injustice review What does Nagin think is the work for which he is best known? Best known for the work on trajectory modeling and maybe deterrents. What does Nagin describe himself as “trying to do”? likes to think that he is a careful scholar who tries to clearly explain what they mean and don't mean. What advice for students does Nagin first mention? Try to develop a line of research from ideas, do not be too What advice for students does Nagin second mention? Should be more attentive to some of the work that's going on in the econometrics and statistics about causal inference. Regarding advice for students, what does Nagin describe as an “unfortunate trend”? publishing too many little things . For the most part, does Nagin take more pride in the works that came before or after he was tenured? Came after he was tenured . Came after he was tenured . Where does Nagin say the field is going? Move towards life course criminology What is the first Nagin mentions as for where the field “should be” going? Attentive to work in metrics and statics

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What is the second Nagin mentions as where the field “should be” going? The move towards evidence-based policy . What is the first thing Nagin says has to happen for criminologists to get their policy-relevant research to the public, practitioners, and policy makers? Intelligently discuss implications.

STUDY GUIDE WEEK 3

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