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Humboldt State University *

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Sociology

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Apr 3, 2024

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1 Paper Proposal Amanprit Nijhar 219729276 CRIM 2652 Dr. Braimoh November 20, 2023

2 1. Topic - Police power in relation to mental health issues This topic is interesting because it shines light on a very important topic. Improving the way that police respond to mental health occurrences in general requires an understanding of the elements that affect officers' decision-making processes and how they relate to the use of force. It affects the efficacy of law enforcement procedures, the connection among law enforcement organizations and the communities that they serve, and the security and well-being of people in crisis. Law enforcement often takes on a "gatekeeper" role in dealing with individuals with mental health issues, and they are often the first point of contact for people experiencing a crisis (Lambert, 2002). Police have the legal authority to detain individuals and take them to a mental health facility for evaluation, but they may not always have the training or resources to effectively handle these situations (Lambert, 2002). Police encounters with individuals in mental health crises can be challenging and may involve the use of force, which can have detrimental consequences (Lambert, 2002). Lambert (2002) suggests that addressing this issue requires enhancing the training of police officers, specifically in mental health awareness (Lambert, 2002). By doing so, officers may develop a better understanding of how to approach and handle individuals in crisis, potentially reducing the reliance on force and ensuring a more compassionate response (Lambert 2002). 2. Research question - What factors influence the decision-making process of police officers when responding to mental health-related incidents, and how do these factors relate to the use of force? 3. Key concepts and synonyms 1. Mental health- psychological well being, emotional health, mental wellness, cognitive health, mental fitness, psychological health, mental well being, cognitive health

2. Mental health incidents - mental health related issues, issues regarding mental health, situations with individuals in crisis 3 3. Decision making process- Decision process, cognitive process, choice process, decision pathway. 4. Police officers- law enforcement officers, cops, police personnel, officers of the law. 5. Use of force- Application of force, force deployment, force utilization, use-of-force incidents. 6. Factors- Elements, components, variables, determinants. 7. Influencing- Impact, effect, sway, shape, determine. 8. Relationship - Connection, correlation, link, association, interrelation. Researchers and policymakers may learn more about the dynamics of police reactions to situations involving mental health by looking at these fundamental ideas. They can also work toward creating strategies and regulations that put the safety and wellbeing of both the general public and law enforcement officers first. 4. Summaries of academic sources 1. A research on the cooperation of police, mental health experts, and caregivers during mental health emergencies was carried out by Brennan et al. (2016). They discovered that caregivers' opinions on the efficiency and attentiveness of these specialists in treating mental health concerns varied (p. 452). The authors argue that this emphasizes how these important stakeholders need to work together more and communicate better (Brennan et al., 2016, p.461). In order to investigate how police, mental health experts, and caregivers collaborate during mental health emergencies, Brennan (2016) carried out a thorough investigation. One of the main conclusions

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drawn from their study was that carers had differing opinions on how well and quickly different experts handled mental health concerns (Brennan, 2016, p. 452). The 4 difference of opinions speaks to a complicated and subtle interaction between the parties engaged in mental health emergencies. Breannan (2016) further emphasizes the importance of these results by emphasizing the necessity of better coordination and communication between police, mental health specialists, and carers (Brennan, 2016, p.461). It is implied by the request for reform that there are recognized shortcomings in the existing system, and improving the system's general attitude toward mental health crises depends on resolving these difficulties (Brennan, 2016). This might entail creating uniform guidelines for teamwork, creating channels of communication, and educating experts to better comprehend and address the needs of those going through a crisis (Brennan, 2016). 2. Fry, O'Riordan, & Geanellos (2002) sheds attention on the intricate connections between mental health services and law enforcement, outlining obstacles and making suggestions for better cooperation and treatment of mentally ill members of the public (Fry, O'Riordan, & Geanellos 2002). The program's objective was to identify and evaluate juvenile offenders who were at-risk for mental or behavioral issues. The intervention group showed promising results (Fry, O'Riordan, & Geanellos 2002). The goal of the study by Fry, O'Riordan, & Geanellos (2002) was to pinpoint challenges for law enforcement while interacting with people who are suicidal, impacted by drugs or alcohol, or experiencing mental health disorders (Fry, O'Riordan, & Geanellos 2002). The study determined the police's need for mental health education and examined the interaction between law enforcement and mental health providers (Fry, O'Riordan, &

Geanellos 2002). 131 police officers in Sydney, Australia were given a survey as part of the study, which focused on their perceptions of and encounters with mentally ill people. 5 The findings showed that police officers' confidence and competency in handling various mental health concerns varied widely. For instance, just 44.8% of respondents felt comfortable with suicidal persons, but over 80% felt comfortable handling drug- and alcohol-affected individuals. Three primary themes emerged from the data: "feeling unsupported," "not being prepared," and "experiencing tension and competing demands." Police officers cited challenges in getting timely assistance from mental health professionals as reasons for feeling abandoned in their duties with suicidal persons. They also said that because they had not dealt with mentally unstable people before, they felt unprepared. Police personnel also brought attention to conflicting needs between mental health and law enforcement. The article ends with suggestions for improving the relationship with the law enforcement and mental health services. These include implementing memoranda that promote comprehension within police and health services, fostering collaborative partnerships, working together to develop creative programs, and promoting mutual educational efforts among the police and mental health professionals. 5. How did you locate these sources? I located these 2 sources by going to the Yorku library online and searching up “mental health and policing” and other words that were similar to enhance my search. I looked for articles that are peer reviewed and read the abstract of each to further help me decide my choices. Once I found my sources, I read it very well in order to get clear and valid answers for my question.

6 References 1. Brennan, A., Warren, N., Peterson, V., Hollander, Y., Boscarato, K., & Lee, S. (2016). Collaboration in crisis: Carer perspectives on police and mental health professional’s responses to mental health crises. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing , 25 (5), 452–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12233 2. Fry, A. J., O’Riordan, D. P., & Geanellos, R. (2002). Social control agents or front- line carers for people with mental health problems: police and mental health services in Sydney, Australia. Health & Social Care in the Community , 10 (4), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2524.2002.00371.x

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